After commanding the 17th (Service) Battalion of the Royal Fusiliers in the British Army of the Rhine during the occupation, Montgomery reverted to the rank of captain in November 1919. [179], The attack initially advanced rapidly, splitting US 12th Army Group in two, with all of US Ninth Army and the bulk of US First Army on the northern shoulder of the German 'bulge'. He then continued in command of the 21st Army Group for the rest of the North West Europe campaign, including the failed attempt to cross the Rhine during Operation Market Garden. It is no wonder that Monty's real high ability is not always realised". Known to be difficult to work with, "Monty" was nevertheless exceptionally popular with the British public. After an initial meeting in the early 1950s, Montgomery met Dayan again in the 1960s to discuss the Vietnam War, which Dayan was studying. [115] On 14 July 1944, Montgomery wrote to his patron Brooke, saying he had chosen on a "real show down on the eastern flanks, and to loose a Corps of three armoured divisions in the open country about the Caen-Falaise road...The possibilities are immense; with seven hundred tanks loosed to the South-east of Caen, and the armoured cars operating far ahead, anything can happen. [208], Montgomery was created 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein in 1946. [20], Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939. [173] Even Brooke wrote in his diary: "I feel that Monty's strategy for once is at fault. [190], The British high command were not only concerned with winning the war and defeating Germany, but also with ensuring that it retained sufficient influence in the post-war world to govern global policy. Il est à la bataille de la Lys et à la troisième bataille de l'Aisne (bataille du Chemin Des Dames). [104] There was a strong sense of crisis in the Allied command as the Allies had advanced only about 15 miles (24 km) inland, at a time when their plans called for them to have already taken Rennes, Alençon and St. Montgomery, the son of an Ulster clergyman, was educated at St. Paul’s School, London, and the Royal Military Academy (Sandhurst). [140] No notes were taken at the Eisenhower–Montgomery and Churchill–Montgomery meetings, but Montgomery was able to persuade both men not to fire him. He ordered the creation of the X Corps, which contained all armoured divisions, to fight alongside his XXX Corps, which was all infantry divisions. [163] Montgomery was highly impatient with Simonds, complaining that it had taken Crocker's I Corps only two days to take Le Havre while it took Simonds two weeks to take Boulogne and Calais, but Simonds noted that at Le Havre, three divisions and two brigades had been employed, whereas at both Boulogne and Calais, only two brigades were sent in to take both cities. [100] On 12 June, Montgomery ordered the 7th Armoured Division into an attack against the Panzer Lehr Division that made good progress at first but ended when the Panzer Lehr was joined by the 2nd Panzer Division. The 12th Army Group commander, Bradley, was located in Luxembourg, south of the bulge, making command of the US forces north of the bulge problematic. Alle Bernard montgomery ww2 im Blick. Having served with … He was rewarded for his service with promotions to Field Marshal, Bridgadier General, and Viscount. Speaking subsequently to a British writer while himself a prisoner in Britain, the former German commander of the 5th Panzer Army, Hasso von Manteuffel spoke of Montgomery's leadership during the battle of the Bulge using almost the same words: The operations of the American First Army had developed into a series of individual holding actions. 3rd Division was at that time the only fully equipped division in Britain. [175] Reflecting Antwerp's importance, the Germans spent the winter of 1944–45 firing V-1 flying bombs and V-2 rockets at it in an attempt to shut down the port, and the German offensive in December 1944 in the Ardennes had as its ultimate objective the capture of Antwerp. He moved his field HQ to Burg al Arab, close to the Air Force command post in order to better coordinate combined operations. On 6 March 1943, Rommel's attack on the over-extended Eighth Army at Medenine (Operation Capri) with the largest concentration of German armour in North Africa was successfully repulsed. [143] At the same time, Montgomery ordered Patton—whose Third Army was supposed to advance into Brittany—to instead capture Nantes, which was soon taken.[143]. In 1927, Montgomery married Elizabeth Carver and the couple had a son, David, the following year. Continuing to see action during the retreat from Mons, Montgomery was badly wounded during a counterattack near Méteren on October 13, 1914. For three weeks he had rammed his troops against those panzer divisions he had deliberately drawn towards that city as part of our Allied strategy of diversion in the Normandy Campaign. My own view is that to win a war of this sort, you must be ruthless. As most of the Allied troops in Western Europe rapidly became American, political forces prevented Montgomery from remaining Ground Forces Commander. This title is all a reader could ask for its price and length (62 pages). The American LIFE magazine quoted Bradley in 1951: While Collins was hoisting his VII Corps flag over Cherbourg, Montgomery was spending his reputation in a bitter siege against the old university city of Caen. [175] Urban wrote that Montgomery's most "serious failure" in the entire war was not the well publicised Battle of Arnhem, but rather his lack of interest in opening up Antwerp, as without it the entire Allied advance from the North Sea to the Swiss Alps stalled in the autumn of 1944 for logistical reasons. He also took part in the Battle of Passchendaele in late-1917 before finishing the war as chief of staff of the 47th (2nd London) Division. [49], On completion of his tour of duty in India, Montgomery returned to Britain in June 1937[50] where he took command of the 9th Infantry Brigade with the temporary rank of brigadier. [80], The Second Battle of El Alamein began on 23 October 1942, and ended 12 days later with one of the first large-scale, decisive Allied land victories of the war. In the weeks following Normandy, Montgomery succeeded in convincing Eisenhower to approve Operation Market-Garden, which called for a direct thrust toward the Rhine and Ruhr Valley utilizing large numbers of airborne troops. On le connaît aussi sous son surnom « Monty ». [150] In September 1944, Montgomery ordered Crerar and his First Canadian Army to take the French ports on the English Channel, namely Calais, Boulogne and Dunkirk. [140] With Tedder leading the "sack Monty" campaign, it encouraged Montgomery's American enemies to press Eisenhower to fire Montgomery. Completing the course, he was again made a brigade major and assigned to the 17th Infantry Brigade in January 1921. [71], Rommel attempted to turn the left flank of the Eighth Army at the Battle of Alam el Halfa from 31 August 1942. [27] In Palestine, Montgomery played a vital role in suppressing an Arab revolt during which it was estimated that 10% of the Palestinian adult male population was killed in the period between 1936 and 1939. [103] In Operation Epsom, the British VII Corps commanded by Sir Richard O'Connor attempted to outflank Caen from the west by breaking through the dividing line between the Panzer Lehr and the 12th SS to take the strategic Hill 112. [18] Maud Montgomery took little active interest in the education of her young children other than to have them taught by tutors brought from Britain. [153] The Canadian historian Terry Copp wrote that the commitment of this much firepower and men to take only one French city might "seem excessive", but by this point, the Allies desperately needed ports closer to the front line to sustain their advance. The British journalist Mark Urban wrote that the purpose of Goodwood was to draw German troops to their left flank to allow the Americans to breakout on the right flank, arguing that Montgomery had to lie to his soldiers about the purpose of Goodwood as the average British soldier would not have understood why they were being asked to create a diversion to allow the Americans to have the glory of staging the breakout with Operation Cobra. [201], In August 1945, while Brooke, Sir Andrew Cunningham and Sir Charles Portal were discussing their possible successors as "Chiefs of Staff", they concluded that Montgomery would be very efficient as CIGS from the Army's point of view but that he was also very unpopular with a large proportion of the Army. [54] He returned in July 1939 to Britain, suffering a serious illness on the way, to command the 3rd (Iron) Infantry Division. [105] Epsom had forced further German forces into Caen but all through June and the first half of July Rommel, Rundstedt, and Hitler were engaged in planning for a great offensive to drive the British into the sea; it was never launched and would have required the commitment of a large number of German forces to the Caen sector.[106]. If we cannot stay here alive, then we will stay here dead",[71] he told his officers at the first meeting he held with them in the desert, though, in fact, Auchinleck had no plans to withdraw from the strong defensive position he had chosen and established at El Alamein. In the years between World War I and World War II, Montgomery served in a number of locations around the world, rising steadily through the ranks of the army. Graduating in 1908, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant and assigned to the 1st Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment. [127] During Operation Goodwood, the British had 400 tanks knocked out with many recovered returning to service. This arrangement differed from the German Panzer Corps: one of Rommel's Panzer Corps combined infantry, armour and artillery units under one corps commander. [139] An American officer wrote in his diary that Tedder had come to see Eisenhower to "pursue his current favourite subject, the sacking of Monty". Largely educated by tutors, Montgomery seldom saw his father, who frequently traveled due to his post. Fearing a disaster similar to 1914, he relentlessly trained his men in defensive maneuvers and fighting. [165] The only port that was not captured by the Canadians was Dunkirk, as Montgomery ordered the 2nd Canadian Division on 15 September to hold his flank at Antwerp as a prelude for an advance up the Scheldt. The context of British casualties and the shortage of reinforcements, prompted Montgomery to "excessive caution". [14] He was probably a descendant of Colonel Alexander Montgomery (1686–1729). [16], It was a financial relief of some magnitude when, in 1889, Henry was made Bishop of Tasmania, then still a British colony and Bernard spent his formative years there. Over 30,000 prisoners of war were taken,[82] including the German second-in-command, General von Thoma, as well as eight other general officers. [189], On 4 May 1945, on Lüneburg Heath, Montgomery accepted the surrender of German forces in north-west Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands. Montgomery's Garter banner on display in St Mary's, Warwick. Date : vers 1944 - G3CTRD depuis la bibliothèque d’Alamy parmi des millions de photos, illustrations et vecteurs en haute résolution. [174], A chastised Montgomery told Eisenhower on 15 October 1944 that he was now making clearing the Scheldt his "top priority", and the ammunition shortages in the First Canadian Army, a problem which he denied even existed five days earlier, were now over as supplying the Canadians was henceforth his first concern. Montgomery said that the Americans' most important problem was that they had no clear-cut objective, and allowed local commanders to set military policy. His approach included drawing diagrams in the sand of how he would deploy his tanks and infantry in a future war, a contingency which seemed very remote at that time. [177], SHAEF believed the Wehrmacht was no longer capable of launching a major offensive, and that no offensive could be launched through such rugged terrain as the Ardennes Forest. [114] On 10 July, Montgomery ordered Bradley to take Avranches, after which the 3rd US Army would be activated to drive towards Le Mans and Alençon. Créez gratuitement votre compte sur Deezer et écoutez Bernard Montgomery : discographie, top titres et playlists. British Field Marshall Bernard Law Montgomery (1887-1976) was among the most decorated military leaders of World War II. Most of the blame for this lies with Montgomery, who was foolish enough to insist that it had been done perfectly, that Normandy – and all his other battles – had been fought accordingly to a precise master plan drawn up beforehand, from which he never deviated. He managed to have the plans recast to concentrate the Allied forces, having Lieutenant General George Patton's US Seventh Army land in the Gulf of Gela (on the Eighth Army's left flank, which landed around Syracuse in the south-east of Sicily) rather than near Palermo in the west and north of Sicily. Of Bernard's siblings, Sibyl died prematurely in Tasmania, and Harold, Donald and Una all emigrated. I'm your boss." Montgomery did not attend the funeral, claiming he was "too busy". Henry Montgomery, at that time Vicar of St Mark's Church, Kennington, was the second son of Sir Robert Montgomery, a native of Inishowen in County Donegal in Ulster,[13] the noted colonial administrator in British India, who died a month after his grandson's birth. [22] He saw action at the Battle of Le Cateau that month and during the retreat from Mons. [22] Montgomery was hit once more, in the knee. Ahead of them the pathfinders were scattering their flares and before long the first bombs were dropping". Overall direction was assigned to the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces, American General Dwight D. Between 1951 and 1958, he was Deputy Supreme Commander of NATO. [153] At the same time, Montgomery noted that "one good Pas de Calais port" would be insufficient for the American armies in France, which thus forced Eisenhower, if for no other reasons than logistics, to favour Montgomery's plans for an invasion of northern Germany by the 21st Army Group, whereas if Antwerp were opened up, then all of the Allied armies could be supplied. "[151], Winston Churchill had Montgomery promoted to field marshal[152] by way of compensation. [35] From January 1926 to January 1929 he served as Deputy Assistant Adjutant General at the Staff College, Camberley, in the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel. Following Germany's surrender, Montgomery was appointed commander of the British zone in Germany, before becoming Chief of the Imperial General Staff in 1946, a post he held until 1948. [99], As the campaign progressed, Montgomery altered his initial plan for the invasion and continued the strategy of attracting and holding German counter-attacks in the area north of Caen rather than to the south, to allow the US First Army in the west to take Cherbourg. [174] Simonds, now reinforced with British troops and Royal Marines, cleared the Scheldt by taking Walcheren island, the last of the German "fortresses" on the Scheldt, on 8 November 1944. [38] Montgomery's son, David, was born in August 1928. Instead of carrying out the advance to Arnhem he ought to have made certain of Antwerp". [126] Ultra decrypts indicated that the Germans now facing Bradley were seriously understrength with Operation Cobra about to commence. [27], While on holiday in Burnham-on-Sea in 1937, Betty suffered an insect bite which became infected, and she died in her husband's arms from septicaemia following amputation of her leg. [225], Montgomery's grave, Holy Cross churchyard, Binsted. Montgomery's 21st Army Group, including the US Ninth Army and the First Allied Airborne Army, crossed the Rhine in Operation Plunder in March 1945, two weeks after the US First Army had crossed the Rhine in the Battle of Remagen. [111] This was broadly as Montgomery had planned, albeit not with the same speed as he outlined at St Paul's, although as the American historian Carlo D'Este pointed out the actual situation in Normandy was "vastly different" from what was envisioned at the St. Paul's conference as only one of four goals outlined in May had been achieved by 10 July. [126] Brooke advised Montgomery to invite Churchill to Normandy, arguing that if the "sack Monty" campaign had won the Prime Minister over, then his career would be over as having Churchill's backing would give Eisenhower the political "cover" to fire Montgomery. [155], On 3 September 1944 Hitler ordered the 15th German Army, which had been stationed in the Pas de Calais region and was withdrawing north into the Low Countries, to hold the mouth of the river Scheldt to deprive the Allies of the use of Antwerp. [104] Dollmann, fearing that Epsom would be a success, committed suicide and was replaced by SS Oberstegruppenführer Paul Hausser. En 1916, il est commandant et est affecté à l'état-major des opérations dans la Somme, à Arras et Passchendaele. [169], Montgomery pulled away from the First Canadian Army (temporarily commanded now by Simonds as Crerar was ill), the British 51st Highland Division, 1st Polish Division, British 49th (West Riding) Division and 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade, and sent all of these formations to help the 2nd British Army hold the Arnhem salient. (Churchill sent a telegram to Alexander on 23 September 1942 which began, "We are in your hands and of course a victorious battle makes amends for much delay. [34], In May 1923, Montgomery was posted to the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division, a Territorial Army (TA) formation. Montgomery subsequently wrote of his actions: The first thing to do was to see the battle on the northern flank as one whole, to ensure the vital areas were held securely, and to create reserves for counter-attack. [153], On 9 September, Montgomery wrote to Brooke that "one good Pas de Calais port" would be sufficient to meet all the logistical needs of the 21st Army Group, but only the supply needs of the same formation. As Montgomery was the nearest army group commander on the ground, on 20 December, Dwight D. Eisenhower temporarily transferred command of US Ninth Army and US First Army to Montgomery's 21st Army Group. They would then turn north to recapture the port of Antwerp. Increasingly known for his outspoken views on a variety of topics, his postwar memoirs were severely critical of his contemporaries. [124] The well dug-in 88 mm guns around the Borguebus Ridge began taking a toll of the British Sherman tanks and the countryside was soon dotted with dozens of burning Shermans. The casualties were 5,500 with 7 miles (11 km) of ground gained. He asked Alexander to send him two new British divisions (51st Highland and 44th Home Counties) that were then arriving in Egypt and were scheduled to be deployed in defence of the Nile Delta. [73] Both Brooke and Alexander were astonished by the transformation in atmosphere when they visited on 19 August, less than a week after Montgomery had taken command. [183], However Ambrose, writing in 1997, maintained that "Putting Monty in command of the northern flank had no effect on the battle". I see men climbing out, on fire like torches, rolling on the ground to try and douse the flames". [138], Many American officers had found Montgomery a difficult man to work with, and after Goodwood, pressured Eisenhower to fire Montgomery. [56] Early in the campaign, when the 3rd Division was near Leuven, they were fired on by members of the Belgian 10th Infantry Division who mistook them for German paratroopers; Montgomery resolved the incident by approaching them and offering to place himself under Belgian command. [150] The British journalist Mark Urban writes that Montgomery seemed unable to grasp that as the majority of the 2.2 million Allied soldiers fighting against Germany on the Western Front were now American (the ratio was 3:1) that it was politically unacceptable to American public opinion to have Montgomery remain as Land Forces Commander as: "Politics would not allow him to carry on giving orders to great armies of Americans simply because, in his view, he was better than their generals. Eisenhower further told Montgomery to either obey orders to immediately clear the mouth of the Scheldt or he would be sacked. During this time, Montgomery faced serious trouble from his military superiors and the clergy for his frank attitude regarding the sexual health of his soldiers, but was defended from dismissal by his superior Alan Brooke, commander of II Corps. "[68], Montgomery's assumption of command transformed the fighting spirit and abilities of the Eighth Army. Montgomery was born in Kennington, Surrey, in 1887, the fourth child of nine, to an Anglo-Irish Church of Ireland minister, The Reverend Henry Montgomery, and his wife, Maud (née Farrar). Eisenhower. Unable to advance further, and running out of petrol, the Wehrmacht abandoned the offensive.[177][181]. [117] Montgomery thus knew German Army Group B had lost 96,400 men while receiving 5,200 replacements and the Panzer Lehr Division now based at St. Lô was down to only 40 tanks. Many Germans were gunned down as a result of the frontal assault. [93] Without Brooke's support, Montgomery would have remained in Italy. During this battle, US Ninth Army, which had remained part of 21st Army Group after the Battle of the Bulge, formed the northern arm of the envelopment of German Army Group B, with US First Army forming the southern arm. It crossed the Rhine on 24 March 1945, in Operation Plunder, which took place two weeks after the First United States Army had crossed the Rhine after capturing the Ludendorff Bridge during the Battle of Remagen. On December 16, the Germans opened the Battle of the Bulge with a massive offensive. Montgomery came to the conclusion that the conflict could not be won without harsh measures, and that self-government for Ireland was the only feasible solution; in 1923, after the establishment of the Irish Free State and during the Irish Civil War, Montgomery wrote to Colonel Arthur Ernest Percival of the Essex Regiment: Personally, my whole attention was given to defeating the rebels but it never bothered me a bit how many houses were burnt. [20] He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for gallant leadership: the citation for this award, published in the London Gazette in December 1914 reads: "Conspicuous gallant leading on 13th October, when he turned the enemy out of their trenches with the bayonet. The family returned to Britain in 1901 when Henry Montgomery became secretary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. [162], On 22 September 1944, General Guy Simonds's II Canadian Corps took Boulogne, followed up by taking Calais on 1 October 1944. [59] He was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath. I embarked on these measures: I put British troops under command of the Ninth Army to fight alongside American soldiers, and made that Army take over some of the First Army Front. "I have cancelled the plan for withdrawal. Bernard Montgomery's Art of War Bernard Montgomery: The background, strategies, tactics and battlefield experiences of the greatest commanders of history General Bernard Montgomery Returning Home From WW2 1945 Print 60x80cm Our products are available with an option of different coloured mounts and … Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com: accessed ), memorial page for Bernard Law Montgomery (17 Nov 1887–24 Mar 1976), Find a Grave Memorial no. [216], Montgomery twice met Israeli general Moshe Dayan. Four days after Montgomery took command of the northern flank, the bad weather cleared and the USAAF and RAF[180] resumed operations, inflicting heavy casualties on German troops and vehicles. He was taken prisoner at Mersa Matruh on 7 November 1942. Uncharacteristically daring for Montgomery, the operation was also poorly planned, with key intelligence about the enemy's strength overlooked. By the time the offensive was ready in late-October, Eighth Army had 231,000 men on its ration strength. Awarded the Distinguished Service Order, he was appointed as a brigade major in the 112th and 104th Brigades. [173] Montgomery replied by accusing Ramsay of making "wild statements" unsupported by the facts, denying the Canadians were having to ration ammunition, and claimed that he would soon take the Ruhr thereby making the Scheldt campaign a sideshow. When Montgomery protested that he had told his protégé, General Sir John Crocker, former commander of I Corps in the 1944–45 North-West Europe Campaign, that the job was to be his, Attlee is said to have retorted "Untell him". Was für ein Endziel visieren Sie nach dem Kauf mit Ihrem Bernard montgomery ww2 an? [95] Rommel followed up this success by ordering the 2nd Panzer Division to Caen while Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt asked for and received permission from Hitler to have the elite 1st Waffen SS Division Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler and 2nd Waffen SS Division Das Reich sent to Caen as well. A short time later, tragedy struck when Elizabeth died from septicemia following an amputation caused by an infected insect bite. One of nine children, Montgomery spent his early years at the family's ancestral home of New Park in Northern Ireland before his father was made Bishop of Tasmania in 1889. [168] For his part, Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, the German commander of the Western Front, ordered General Gustav-Adolf von Zangen, the commander of 15th Army, that: "The attempt of the enemy to occupy the West Scheldt in order to obtain the free use of the harbor of Antwerp must be resisted to the utmost" (emphasis in the original). [22], The Great War began in August 1914 and Montgomery moved to France with his battalion that month, which was at the time part of the 10th Brigade of the 4th Division. Smith jokingly replied that if Montgomery could do it he would give him a Flying Fortress complete with crew. Seeking to attend the Staff College, he persuaded Field Marshal Sir William Robertson to approve his admission. [20], The family returned to England once for a Lambeth Conference in 1897, and Bernard and his brother Harold were educated for a term at The King's School, Canterbury. The 3rd Division was deployed to Belgium as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). [27] The loss devastated Montgomery, who was then serving as a brigadier, but he insisted on throwing himself back into his work immediately after the funeral. [158], On 6 September 1944, Montgomery told Crerar that "I want Boulogne badly" and that city should be taken no matter what the cost. Stationed in Ireland, he took part in counter-insurgency operations during the Irish War of Independence and advocated taking a hard line with the rebels. [190], However, Montgomery was barely on speaking terms with his fellow service chiefs, sending his deputy Kenneth Crawford to attend their meetings[204] and he clashed particularly with Sir Arthur Tedder, who was by now Chief of the Air Staff (CAS). The most contentious of command rivalries during World War II involved General George S. Patton, Jr., of the U.S. Army and British Army Field Marshal Bernard L. Montgomery. Rommel's forces had to withdraw urgently lest their retreat through the British minefields be cut off. His handling of the Battle of Normandy was of a very high order, and as the person who would certainly have been blamed for losing the battle, he deserves the credit for winning it. By the end of Goodwood on 25 July 1944, the Canadians had finally taken Caen while the British tanks had reached the plains south of Caen, giving Montgomery the "hinge" he had been seeking, while forcing the Germans to commit the last of their reserves to stop the Anglo-Canadian offensive. [171] As it was, Simonds made only slow progress in October 1944 during the fighting in the Battle of the Scheldt, although he was praised by Copp for imaginative and aggressive leadership who managed to achieve much, despite all of the odds against him. [222], Montgomery was a teetotaler, a vegetarian. [59] The invasion plans did not go ahead and plans switched to invading Cape Verde island also belonging to neutral Portugal. Serving under General Sir Harold Alexander, Montgomery took command on August 13 and began a rapid reorganization of his forces and worked to reinforce the defenses at El Alamein. [97] By contrast, the "American school" argued that Montgomery's initial "master plan" was for the 21st Army Group to take Caen at once and move his tank divisions into the plains south of Caen, to then stage a breakout that would lead the 21st Army Group into the plains of northern France and hence into Antwerp and finally the Ruhr. [140] On 20 July, Montgomery met Eisenhower and on 21 July Churchill at the TAC in France. [144] On 11 August, Montgomery changed his plan, with the Canadians to take Falaise and to meet the Americans at Argentan. [204] Volume 3 of Nigel Hamilton's Life of Montgomery of Alamein gives an account of the bickering between Montgomery and his land forces chief, French General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, which created splits through the Union headquarters. 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