[223] In 2002, she inherited an estate worth an estimated £70 million from her mother. She inherited a bankrupt nation, torn by religious discord, a weakened pawn between the great powers of France and Spain. She presided over an era of economic and political expansion, which lay the framework for Britain’s later dominance as a world power. Although The Sovereign no longer has a political or executive role, he or [22] They corresponded regularly,[22] and she and her parents made the first royal transatlantic telephone call on 18 May. [197] A personal note about her faith often features in her annual Christmas Message broadcast to the Commonwealth. 349–350, However, occasionally claims are made about her political opinions. Published 17 December 2020. [219], Elizabeth's personal fortune has been the subject of speculation for many years. 129–132, Hardman, p. 81; Lacey, p. 307; Pimlott, pp. The Duke's uncle, Lord Mountbatten, advocated the name House of Mountbatten. I, like so many of you, have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ's words and example. Visiting the Royal Residences. In 1947, she became engaged to Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, whom she had first met at the age of 13. As in 1927, when they had toured Australia and New Zealand, Elizabeth remained in Britain, since her father thought her too young to undertake public tours. Privately, she became a keen horsewoman; she keeps racehorses, frequently attends races, and periodically visits the Kentucky stud farms in the United States. Elizabeth was the elder daughter of Prince Albert, duke of York, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon. [15] When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second in line to the throne, after her father. As part of her “Golden Jubilee,” events were held throughout the Commonwealth, including several days of festivities in London. [216], Elizabeth has been portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists, including painters Pietro Annigoni, Peter Blake, Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy, Terence Cuneo, Lucian Freud, Rolf Harris, Damien Hirst, Juliet Pannett, and Tai-Shan Schierenberg. Lord Hailsham[23] suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be evacuated to Canada to avoid the frequent aerial bombing. The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth Secretary-General Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation. [195] Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England, she is a member of that church and also of the national Church of Scotland. [109] In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of the Canadian constitution found the Queen "better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats". By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. In the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, which are Crown dependencies rather than separate realms, she is known as Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann, respectively. 114–117, Hardman, p. 310; Lacey, p. 387; Roberts, p. 101; Shawcross, p. 218, accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities, Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten, the surname of his mother's British family, Commonwealth realm § From the accession of Queen Elizabeth II, Queen Elizabeth II's Address to the United Nations General Assembly, her associated national and Commonwealth tours, wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer, New Zealand Security Intelligence Service, List of titles and honours of Elizabeth II, Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi, Claude Bowes-Lyon, 13th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, List of special addresses made by Elizabeth II, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, television licences in the United Kingdom, "The World War II Auto Mechanic in This Photo Is Queen Elizabeth II. [107] The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt, former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, as a communist spy; the other was the assassination of her relative and in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army. "[24] The princesses stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Tr… The Queen was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral. I won't leave without the King. [201][202] Scenes of a relaxed, informal home life have occasionally been witnessed; she and her family, from time to time, prepare a meal together and do the washing up afterwards. After her return there was an announcement of her betrothal to her distant cousin Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten of the Royal Navy, formerly Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark. Visiting the Royal Residences. [131] Republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of the Queen's private wealth—which were contradicted by the Palace—and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family. [109] Tony Benn said the Queen found Trudeau "rather disappointing". When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour. It is a very well written article, but the reader will not find much about Elizabeth or Henry's excommunication. Her Majesty gave birth to Andrew Albert Christian Edward—or as we know him, Prince Andrew, Duke of York—at Buckingham Palace on February 19, 1960 . When Elizabeth I took over the throne … However, support for the monarchy in the United Kingdom has been and remains consistently high, as does her personal popularity. [174] She had cataract surgery in May 2018. Elizabeth I, bynames the Virgin Queen and Good Queen Bess, (born September 7, 1533, Greenwich, near London, England—died March 24, 1603, Richmond, Surrey), queen of England (1558–1603) during a period, often called the Elizabethan Age, when England asserted itself vigorously as a major European power in politics, commerce, and the arts. "[63] In 1960, after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles. The England inherited by Elizabeth in 1558 was deeply divided. She is head of the British Royal Family, has 4 children, 8 grandchildren and 8 great-grandchildren, and is 94 years, 8 months, and 23 days old.. She is the 32nd great-granddaughter of King Alfred the Great who was the first effective King of England 871-899. https://www.natgeokids.com/uk/discover/history/monarchy/elizabeth-i-facts Famous speeches of Queen Elizabeth I of England Here is a list of famous speeches given by Queen Elizabeth I of England during her life time. Queen Elizabeth I of England died without issue and her closest relative that had a claim to the throne was her cousin King James VI of Scotland (1567-1625). [204] After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age". [235], Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms since 1952, Note: Within parentheses, the year when inducted into the Order, *From marriage to husband's death ^From marriage to accession as Queen. As a constitutional monarch, she has not expressed her own political opinions in a public forum. [88] The Queen again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister. The Associated Press reported on the story in 1987, after the hospital — Royal Earlswood Hospital in Redhill, England, south of London — confirmed that Katherine Bowes-Lyon, a then-60-year-old cousin of Queen Elizabeth II and a niece of Queen Mother Elizabeth, had been a patient there since 1941.. [109] Trudeau's supposed republicanism seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind the Queen's back in 1977, and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols during his term of office. [207] In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, which allow her to be seen easily in a crowd. … 2–3; Lacey, pp. She declined, saying she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the Governor-General. Elizabeth I (Born Princess Elizabeth; September 7, 1533–March 24, 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 1558 to 1603, the last of the Tudor monarchs. The queen seemed increasingly aware of the modern role of the monarchy, allowing, for example, the televising of the royal family’s domestic life in 1970 and condoning the formal dissolution of her sister’s marriage in 1978. In the 1990s, however, the royal family faced a number of challenges. Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was the Queen of England and Ireland. After another meeting at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip, and they began to exchange letters. The separation and later divorce (1996) of Charles and the immensely popular Diana further eroded support for the royal family, which was viewed by some as antiquated and unfeeling. [169] For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. In a monarchy, a king or queen is Head of State. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 108–110; Lacey, pp. They received 2,500 wedding gifts from around the world. Mary boasted being "the nearest kinswoman she hath". [102], A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whitlam's budget proposals. She is the longest-serving female head of state in world history, and the world's oldest living monarch, longest-reigning current monarch, and oldest and longest-serving current head of state. In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of Kenya. [19], In 1939, Elizabeth's parents toured Canada and the United States. Later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. 69–70; Pimlott, pp. Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, born 21 April 1926)[a] is Queen of the United Kingdom and 15 other Commonwealth realms.[b]. Elizabeth Tudor grew up to become Elizabeth I, queen of England, the most famous monarch in the history of the country. Princess Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor was born to the Duke and Duchess of York—later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother—on April 21, 1926. [26] At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments. [37] In 1946, she was inducted into the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales. For example after the, Bond, p. 35; Pimlott, p. 180; Roberts, p. 82; Shawcross, p. 50, Bond, p. 35; Pimlott, p. 280; Shawcross, p. 76, Bond, pp. Elizabeth was born in Mayfair, London, as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth). In 2012 Elizabeth celebrated her “Diamond Jubilee,” marking 60 years on the throne. She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. The celebrations were somewhat diminished by the deaths of Elizabeth’s mother and sister early in the year. When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour. Despite technically being a princess of the German Duchy of Teck, she was born and raised in England. However, why was this q 6–7; Pimlott, p. 616; Roberts, p. 98; Shawcross, p. 8, Brandreth, pp. Elizabeth was born into royalty as the daughter of the second son of King George V. After her uncle Edward VIII abdicated in 1936 (subsequently becoming duke of Windsor), her father became King George VI, and she became heir presumptive. Her godparents were: King George V and Queen Mary; Lord Strathmore; Television coverage of the coronation was instrumental in boosting the medium's popularity; the number of, Bradford, p. 22; Brandreth, p. 103; Marr, p. 76; Pimlott, pp. Her coronation was held at Westminster Abbey on June 2, 1953. The article briefly mentions Elizabeth and describes that the reason she was excommunicated was to start a rebellion to overthrow the queen and allow a Catholic to become England's monarch. [164][165] On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world. How The Queen and Members of The Royal Family celebrate . [59] She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom. [196] She has demonstrated support for inter-faith relations and has met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: Pius XII, John XXIII, John Paul II, Benedict XVI, and Francis. Philip broke the news to the new queen. In a serious lapse of security, assistance only arrived after two calls to the Palace police switchboard. The Royal Train Tour. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, including fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd at a time when Britain was at war. [125][126], By the end of the 1980s, the Queen had become the target of satire. 240–241; Lacey, p. 166; Pimlott, pp. Eden resigned two months later. "[93] Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination. On the accession of Queen Elizabeth, her son Prince Charles became heir apparent; he was named prince of Wales on July 26, 1958, and was so invested on July 1, 1969. She was queen from 17 November 1558 until she died in March 1603. Beginning in the latter part of the first decade of the 21st century, the public standing of the royal family rebounded, and even Charles’s 2005 marriage to Camilla Parker Bowles found much support among the British people. [60] She and the Duke of Edinburgh moved into Buckingham Palace. In 1961 she made the first royal British tour of the Indian subcontinent in 50 years, and she was also the first reigning British monarch to visit South America (in 1968) and the Persian Gulf countries (in 1979). She feared that the French planned to invade England and put her Catholic cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, on the throne. 280–281; Shawcross, p. 76, Hardman, p. 22; Pimlott, pp. [64], Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé‚ 16 years Margaret's senior, with two sons from his previous marriage. The Queen also possesses royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, and elsewhere. [180][181] She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state following the death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on 13 October 2016,[182][183] and the oldest current head of state on the resignation of Robert Mugabe on 21 November 2017. Home Secretary, Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent. Updates? Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with her associated national and Commonwealth tours. On October 7 she and her husband set out on a highly successful tour of Canada and Washington, D.C. After Christmas in England she and the duke set out in January 1952 for a tour of Australia and New Zealand, but en route, at Sagana, Kenya, news reached them of the king’s death on February 6, 1952. The couple were married the same year at Westminster Abbey, and have four children together. Elizabeth married her distant cousin Philip Mountbatten and had four children: Prince Charles (heir apparent), Princess Anne, Prince Andrew, and Prince Edward. In 2002 Elizabeth celebrated her 50th year on the throne. The Queen asked them to wait for a year; in the words of Charteris, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out. [224] The Sunday Times Rich List 2020 estimated her personal wealth at £350 million, making her the 372nd richest person in the UK. [233], From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St George. [168], The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two countries. During World War II she and her sister, Princess Margaret Rose, perforce spent much of their time safely away from the London blitz and separated from their parents, living mostly at Balmoral Castle in Scotland and at the Royal Lodge, Windsor, and Windsor Castle. [21], In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War. [121] Thatcher's biographer, John Campbell, claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making". [113] Lewis was arrested, but never charged with attempted murder or treason, and sentenced to three years in jail for unlawful possession and discharge of a firearm. [163], She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf. Speech to the Troops at Tilbury Delegation on Her Marriage, 1559 On Religion, 1559 Response to Erik of Sweden's Proposal, 1560 The Queen's Speech in Parliament April 10, 1563 Delegation on Her Marriage, 1566 Elizabeth II, in full Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, officially Elizabeth II, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of her other realms and territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith, (born April 21, 1926, London, England), queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from February 6, 1952. Heath only resigned when discussions on forming a coalition foundered, after which the Queen asked the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government. Diana's two sons by Charles—Princes William and Harry—wanted to attend church and so the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh took them that morning. She was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London house: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Their first child, Prince Charles (Charles Philip Arthur George), was born November 14, 1948, at Buckingham Palace. Monarchy is the oldest form of government in the United Kingdom. Queen Elizabeth II reading a speech from the throne at the state opening of Parliament, 1958. [210] Her popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. As monarch of Fiji, Elizabeth supported the attempts of Governor-General Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. [32][33][34], At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Elizabeth and Margaret mingled anonymously with the celebratory crowds in the streets of London. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian Prime Minister, Ian Smith, in opposition to moves towards majority rule, unilaterally declared independence while expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth. [43] Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. [138] The year ended with a lawsuit, as the Queen sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast. Following Elizabeth’s appointment as the Queen of England, her marriage became a highly speculated concern, for she was the last of her dynasty and her marriage and children would certify the rule of Tudors. Elizabeth was persuaded to send a force into Scotland to aid the Protestant rebels, and though the campaign was inept, the resulting Trea… Between 1956 and 1992, the number of her realms varied as territories gained independence, and as realms, including South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (renamed Sri Lanka), became republics. [12] Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character. How The Queen and Members of The Royal Family celebrate . Her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970. [88] In 1965 the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving her of involvement. Height: 5' The royal family's matriarch got the line started with her petite stature, and … [177][178][179] She became the oldest current monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on 23 January 2015. [25] From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years. [68], Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March, the coronation on 2 June 1953 went ahead as planned, as Mary had asked before she died. Early in 1947 Princess Elizabeth went with the king and queen to South Africa. 572–577; Roberts, p. 94; Shawcross, p. 168, Brandreth, p. 358; Hardman, p. 101; Pimlott, p. 610, Bond, p. 134; Brandreth, p. 358; Marr, p. 338; Pimlott, p. 615, Bond, p. 134; Brandreth, p. 358; Lacey, pp. [205] Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism. [112], Months later, in October, the Queen was the subject of another attack while on a visit to Dunedin, New Zealand. [29] As she approached her 18th birthday, parliament changed the law so she could act as one of five Counsellors of State in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944. They divorced in 1978; she did not remarry. When she became queen in 1558, she was twenty-five years old, a survivor of scandal and danger, and considered illegitimate by most Europeans. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Captain Tom Moore to be knighted by the Queen at Windsor on Friday. 183–185, Brandreth, pp. [56], During 1951, George VI's health declined, and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. 449–450; Roberts, p. 87; Shawcross, pp. The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny. As a constitutional monarch, the Queen is head of state, but her executive powers are limited by constitutional rules. Her many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and visits to or from five popes. Marten, afterward provost of Eton College, and had instruction from visiting teachers in music and languages. [136] Two days later, Prime Minister John Major announced reforms to the royal finances planned since the previous year, including the Queen paying income tax from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil list. Queen Elizabeth II serves 25,000 days on British throne. The British Monarchy is known as a constitutional monarchy. In his new book, The Last Queen: Elizabeth II’s Seventy Year Battle to Save the House of Windsor, Irving writes how Queen Elizabeth might be the last serving female sovereign in England. [62] The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. [76] By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of the King and consequently Elizabeth's immediate accession to the throne. She has reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities, Brexit, Canadian patriation, and the decolonisation of Africa. [97] In addition to performing traditional ceremonies, she also instituted new practices. Princess Elizabeth accompanied by her nurse in Hyde Park, London. [213] Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for Elizabeth,[214] and in 2012, her Diamond Jubilee year, approval ratings hit 90 percent. [87] Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised the Queen to appoint the Earl of Home as prime minister, advice she followed. One month earlier, the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince. 21–22, Brandreth, p. 124; Crawford, p. 85; Lacey, p. 112; Marr, p. 88; Pimlott, p. 51; Shawcross, p. 25, Crawford, pp. 325–326; Pimlott, pp. Her father ascended the throne on the abdication of his brother King Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. [189], The Queen does not intend to abdicate,[190] though Prince Charles is expected to take on more of her duties as the 94-year-old monarch carries out fewer public engagements. “Good Queen Bess” passed away on March 24, 1603. 301, 315–316, 415–417, Bradford, p. 181; Marr, p. 256; Pimlott, p. 419; Shawcross, pp. [212], In November 1999, a referendum in Australia on the future of the Australian monarchy favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state. 88–89; Shawcross, p. 178, Elizabeth to her staff, quoted in Shawcross, p. 178, Pimlott, pp. 75–76; Roberts, p. 74, Lacey, p. 56; Nicolson, p. 433; Pimlott, pp. Eden recommended she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. [58] Martin Charteris asked her to choose a regnal name; she chose to remain Elizabeth, "of course". In 2000, she said: To many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance. Marten, afterward provost of Eton College, and had instruction from visiting teachers in music and languages. [176], The Queen surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch on 21 December 2007, and the longest-reigning British monarch and longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015. [115] On 9 July, she awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, Michael Fagan, in the room with her. [162], The Queen's 2012 Diamond Jubilee marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. Queen Elizabeth I of England (1533-1603; reign as Queen 1558-1603) was a child of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, and remains one of the most famous English monarchs.
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