The passion I have for psychology comes from the values I believe psychology as a profession holds – equality, justice, empathy and open mindedness. Her trafficker’s in the room with her. It is easier for human traffickers to take advantage of people who come from broken relationships or those that have no loved ones. So there's two types of refugees right? Joining us today is Kalyani Gopal, a clinical psychologist and the executive director of the organization SAFE: Sexual Trafficking Awareness Freedom and Empowerment. In fact, in Nigeria, human trafficking is the third most common crime after financial fraud and drug trafficking. This is the Hollywood version, but rarely the reality. Who am I? Psychologists’ interest is growing and we are working to answer some of the most difficult questions about human trafficking. From the viewpoint of traffickers, victims are little more than commodities. Because many health care providers may not be familiar with other warning signs of human trafficking, this tactic makes identifying victims within a health care setting even more challenging. So I got involved with all of that. And the third question you can always ask, especially of a child abuse, child sexual abuse victim: did you ever feel bad about sleeping with this person? So clearly with, with trafficking, and certainly you're talking a lot about sex trafficking, the inability to provide basic things, it's the financial motivator in many ways. So we are, we are rehabilitating the vets, we are rehabilitating the children and we have youth and the mothers with children. Lynn Bufka: I mean that's obviously the person, that one person is benefiting financially and one person is barely surviving. When you think of a human trafficking victim, what comes to mind? For example, traffickers might offer victims a set timeframe—say, 10 or 15 years—of servitude. So you know in the statistics we have in Indiana, for example, is like a hundred five… hundred and fifty nine cases were reported last year. While traffickers sometimes do use violence, outright aggression can attract unwanted attention. So then you want to ask more questions. She served on the APA’s Presidential Task Force on the Trafficking of Women and Girls. Three concepts that explain the root causes of human trafficking are deindividuation, conformity, frustration-aggression hypothesis. Get the help you need from a therapist near you–a FREE service from Psychology Today. Human traffickers use force, fraud or coercion to trap their victims into lives of labor or sexual servitude. They think of themselves as just being the girlfriend. Traffickers go out of their way to dehumanize their victims through a multitude of abusive behaviors to ensure repeated profits. And I've developed this program because we have 10 modules covering all the way from infancy labor sex trafficking all the, because people don't talk much about labor trafficking, so thank you so much for bringing it up again and again. That's where they go: the malls. Kalyani Gopal: So what really helps them is jobs. You can find this podcast on Stitcher, iTunes or wherever you find your podcasts. At that time I was so young myself, I'm so innocent at that time, I didn't know. 35's Task Force on the Feminist Perspectives of the Trafficking of Women is a review of the crime and how it is affecting young women and girls. I became my pimp’s girl?” You know, they have their- they identify themselves very street language, which I won't use, but they have very specific language how they identify themselves. So I've had to modify everything I've learned in order to be able to reach out to them. Lynn Bufka: So how do individuals find their way to you if they're not seeing themselves as being trafficked? The windows were, there was black paper put on the windows, and inside the stage like this, a little stage, chairs just like that, and people were paying $10 a piece to come in to watch these kids do tricks, what they call tricks, on each other. “How could someone do this to another human being?” Justifying Human Trafficking discusses the different actors and structures that sustain human trafficking. It's like a harem, so each woman has a role in that harem. Kalyani Gopal: Thank You Lynne. Research evidence on the health needs of human trafficking victims has been hugely influential – shaping international response and developing training materials used in over 155 countries. Being put in jail may be a victim’s worst nightmare and will be avoided at all costs. Have you had to do something you didn't want to do? Victims may even believe they are at fault for their abusive situations because they were foolish enough to be tricked in the first place. Human trafficking is a human rights violation that involves the practice of holding another person in compelled service by force, fraud, or coercion. Mellissa Withers, Ph.D., MHS, is an associate professor at the Institute on Inequalities in Global Health at the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine. So I went to this jail which is called Tihar jail. Read more about the psychological tactics human traffickers use in this article by Mellissa Withers as part of Psychology Today’s series, “Modern Day Slavery: The Psychological Complexities of Human Trafficking.” Read more » Lynn Bufka: So how can the average person recognize whether or not someone's being trafficked when that person themselves doesn't necessarily recognize it? Cause one question leads to a next question leads to a third, so just the classic interviewing technique that we’re really well trained to do. Tavrow identified seven ways that traffickers psychologically manipulate their victims to keep them enslaved, which she outlined in a presentation made in 2015 in Japan regarding a labor trafficking survivor’s experiences. Human trafficking doesn't involve any consent. If you can ask these three questions, you can actually identify victims. The Trinidad and Tobago Guardian is the longest running daily newspaper in the country, marking its centenary in 2017. Approaching the topic from a law enforcement perspective, Combating Human It’s that severe. Lynn Bufka: I can only imagine, and I want to know more about what's the psychological impact of having been trafficked? Lynn Bufka: Can you help listeners understand what human trafficking is? ... Human traffickers may be linked to highly-organized international criminal networks, they may be involved in smaller domestic networks, they may be part of a ‘family business’ or they may operate very small scale, virtually on their own. Human trafficking may seem like a distant problem, but we are unwittingly involved any time we buy something made by exploited labor, writes … More commonly, however, human trafficking victims are bound by invisible chains. How Traffickers and Abusers Use Coercion. So in India, as in any country for that matter, girls are used by dignitaries who come to the- to the capital city of that country. It could be here, it could be Serbia, it could be anywhere in the world. Kalyani Gopal: It's a very seriously dehumanization, so your entire identity is what the trafficker tells you you are. And in that kiddie track you have young girls being trafficked. 11 Tips for Talking to Someone You Disagree With. I suspect that's also really relevant for people who are being labor trafficked as well. These effects are not necessarily mental health diagnoses, but are psychosocial states or symptoms that may occur in addition to other symptoms and diagnoses as a … And then I do a lot of trauma work with rapid resolution therapy. Once you arrive in the new country, you'll never get your papers back. Human trafficking victims chained, handcuffed, and blindfolded. Give us jobs. Thank you for having me here. Mellissa Withers is an assistant professor of global health at the University of Southern California. Has he made you sleep with other men? I'm doing this because I want to do it, and if he's my pimp, it’s because I chose him to be my pimp. Victims are exposed to high levels of emotional distress induced by constant threats, fear, and psychological abuse. You know usually with trauma patients you say “don't touch them, don't go near them.” With them, they literally need you to hold them. So if you don't bring X number of dollars home to the trafficker that day, you're in serious punishment: there's no food, there's no water, there's no drink, there's nothing for you. Our patients are in the community. In many cases, the passports of victims are confiscated by traffickers and victims are told that they’re in the country illegally. The crime can include, but does not require, movement. Another big aspect of human trafficking is the mining industry. A multi-billion dollar criminal enterprise, human trafficking involves recruiting or obtaining an individual under false pretenses—usually, under the guise of helping to secure promising work in another country and then forcing the individuals to perform services or labor against their will. So between January and June, we had 56,000 children unaccompanied in the border. She holds a Ph.D. in Cognitive Psychology from the University of Alabama and a B.S. They were talking about human trafficking… in northern Virginia and it was a very large case. To ensure that victims don’t speak out to health care providers, traffickers will often accompany victims to their clinic appointments, posing as family members and claiming that they need to be present in order to translate. "Psychology can do so much to help, but we're very late to the table. Her trafficker’s in the room with her. Traffickers profit from this practice by controlling their victims and exploiting them for labor and/or sex. Those who hear about the practices of human traffickers often express outrage, disbelief, disgust, anger and even confusion. Impacts. Lynn Bufka: I was hoping you could start by telling me a little bit about your background and how you came to be involved in this area of work. In reality, most human traffickers use psychological means such as tricking, defrauding, manipulating or threatening victims into providing commercial sex or exploitative labor. The passion I have for psychology comes from the values I believe psychology as a profession holds – equality, justice, empathy and open mindedness. Kalyani Gopal, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and the executive director of the organization SAFE: Sexual Trafficking Awareness Freedom and Empowerment. Mental enslavement is a cost-effective, low-risk approach—one that often doesn’t attract unwanted attention from law enforcement. Author: Colorado Human … The biologist credited with general systems theory is Bertalanffy, who was concerned about the practice of studying phenomena as isolated entities instead of players in feedback systems and hierarchical orders (Kondrat, 2013). You come for a better life for your children, unless you're a refugee. The paper started life as the Trinidad Guardian on Sunday 2nd September 1917 by the newly formed Trinidad Publishing Company Limited. That is a high statistic we have, you know. I was 18, 17-18 myself and so were the girls. They're, they’re political refugees. It could be yeah I didn't want to go to the mall. While some traffickers may hold their victims captive, expose them to large amounts of alcohol or drugs and keep them chained up, this is not the norm. Victims are made to believe that they are helpless and cannot survive without their traffickers’ help. Worldwide, it is estimated that almost 25 million people are robbed of their freedom and human dignity through trafficking. From the view of the economy, health, psychology and the society, the effects are scary. When the promised timeframe is up, however, traffickers will invent other debts to be paid by the victim, often inflating the costs of basic living essentials like food and clothing by many times the actual cost. There are three major forms of human trafficking. (2020). I'm Lynn Bufka, and I'm guest hosting this podcast from APA 2019 here in Chicago. Victims seldom come forward out of fear of the traffickers and law enforcement. Social services must also be expanded for victims of human trafficking, as a number of organizations such as the Polaris Project have done. Victims may be kept isolated from others, further creating a sense of dependency upon the traffickers. Keywords Psychotherapy Á Multicultural Á Human trafficking Á Trauma Á Services Working with Victims of Human Trafficking Human trafficking has recently come to be increasingly recognized as a problem, and in first world countries, has emerged as a frontier for policing, social work, and clinical psychology. Traffickers recruit, harbor, transport, provide and/or obtain people for the purpose of compelling labor and/or commercial sexual exploitation. A young woman who has been kidnapped, drugged and bound as she is transported across borders? In human trafficking cases, the relationship between victim and trafficker may involve trauma bonding, a phenomenon that is beginning to receive increased attention. Or they'll make you do certain poses and they'll put that and they can digitally change you so that you are actually performing an act. So I used to come back to collect data from the very same girls, cause you know in research you’re collecting the data from the same group of people, so I go back to collect data and some of them are not there. "Psychology as a discipline is behind the times in acknowledging trafficking." The United Nations estimates that sex trafficking is the third largest source of organized crime behind arms and drugs (Ernewein & Nieves, 2015). They were all locked up, there's 20 girls, 25 girls in a room all locked up in that room, and then they were disappearing the course of the night. Psychology helps improve humanity in a positive way. It introduces the four psychological profiles commonly observed in this population. It happens in meetings. I’m able to get them to write because sometimes they would refuse to write it, they’re frightened to write. I talk about adolescent- so I have a whole curriculum I've developed. It's happening here. As a colleague at UCLA, Paula Tavrow, and I have highlighted in our work, traffickers use degrading and dehumanizing tactics to keep victims enslaved. Paola M. Contreras, PsyD, is a licensed psychologist and faculty at the Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology where she directs the Counseling Psychology in Global Mental Health Program. But we don't call it that. It's like this massive shame and guilt because once they get better, once they realize they’re victims, and they, by the way, they never think of themselves as victims. I talk about child development. This is the Hollywood version, but rarely the reality. One are refugees who come to the country because they're escaping political conflict. Kalyani Gopal: And then I started working with foster kids because a lot of the kids sexually abused end up in foster care. It is- they will sit in my office, and I work with severe sexual abuse, so don't get me wrong, I've worked with very, very severe sexual abuse cases, which you know they fragment their personalities too. I've been in the field for about 30 years now, and I first got in the field of human trafficking probably when I was 17 or 18 without knowing that I was working with victims of human trafficking. Traffickers know that victims may be terrified of being arrested, and they use this to their advantage by repeatedly assuring victims that the police will not be on their side if they expose their traffickers. Progress Notes They're literally naked on a table, and so as an example to everybody else who spoke or snitched, you know, basically they beat them up. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 12 adult women trafficked into Los Angeles County, from … Lynn Bufka: And that that can be used in manipulative ways that-, Lynn Bufka: -were not present twenty years ago. And we talk about human trafficking, and people often think, “well I have a domestic violence shelter, why can't I keep kids or women who are trafficked in that shelter?” You can't. As trafficking is a complex crime, a major challenge is an overall lack of reliable data or verifiable information about victims. In order to combat human trafficking, it’s crucial to understand the psychological tactics that traffickers use to prey on vulnerable women and help ensure that victims stay silent. The mother trafficked the child-. With an end in sight, some victims may decide to stay, focusing on just surviving day to day until the promised timeframe is up. The trafficker, (or pimp), does not see the humanity of his or her victims but only sees a product to be sold. Lastly, traffickers keep victims silent by offering them a glimmer of hope. Kalyani Gopal: So labor trafficking has a very different dynamic than sex trafficking. That's a- I hadn't realized that was happening as well. Traffickers use several tactics such as threats, lies, blackmail, intimidation, humiliation, and debt bondage to coerce victims into sex trafficking. Sex Trafficking: Should Parents Be Worried. Traffickers love to prey on the desperate, and when times are tough, there’s plenty of desperation to go around. We're psychologists, that's what we do. It's a, it's a complete manipulation and control of the human mind. Victims are repeatedly told they have no control over their lives and are continually reminded that they are in a foreign country where they have no papers or passport, no family, no money and essentially, no other options. Traffickers use all sorts of methods to keep their victims in their employ. So oftentimes this is a job, it's a promise of a job, they'll say you know what, you, you come there or you'll have a job waiting for you, you just have to turn in your papers. We can teach about the neuropsychological substrates of trauma. When we remember where our passion comes from, and the values we believe in, it is easy to see the importance of a human rights context in all our work. And imagine you're married, you have children, you have a family, and you just say okay I want to make some extra money, I want to do some modeling, I work in a retail store. Anything else that caused you shame or made you feel bad about yourself, about your body. Traffickers make false promises to victims that they will be released once they pay off these debts, which may seem like the only option to victims. But if I can't pay my rent, I can't put food on the table, you know, I can't buy a small toy for my grandchild, I can't do all of that, how do you want me to survive? These include not only physical … Psychologically, child sex trafficking survivors often face post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, suicidal ideation, and substance dependence, among other consequences. And the tragedy in this field, and I say it's a tragedy because there's not enough psychologists who are involved, because you always think of it as a social justice issue, social work issue. You can say that psychology somewhat studies the flaws of humanity to come up with solutions for them.
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