Leon Trotsky. On hearing about it, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union immediately accused Trotsky of being in the pay of the oil magnates and the Federal Bureau of Investigation.[152]. Their criticism of Trotsky was concentrated in three areas: Trotsky was again sick and unable to respond while his opponents mobilised all of their resources to denounce him. The moment Trotsky began reading the article, he gave me my chance; I took out the ice axe from the raincoat, gripped it in my hand and, with my eyes closed, dealt him a terrible blow on the head. Khrustalev-Nosar was a lawyer that stood above the political factions contained in the Soviet. He was enrolled in a German-language school, which became Russified during his years in Odessa as a result of the Imperial government's policy of Russification. [60], Trotsky attended the Zimmerwald Conference of anti-war socialists in September 1915 and advocated a middle course between those who, like Martov, would stay within the Second International at any cost and those who, like Lenin, would break with the Second International and form a Third International. This Northern Expedition became a point of contention over foreign policy by Stalin and Trotsky. This started a new round of intra-party struggle, which became known as the Literary Discussion, with Zinoviev and Kamenev again allied with Stalin against Trotsky. 200. [45], After his return, Trotsky and Parvus took over the newspaper Russian Gazette, increasing its circulation to 500,000. General von Schlieffen. Leon Trotsky was a Communist theorist, prolific writer, leader in the 1917 Russian Revolution, the people's commissar for foreign affairs under Lenin (1917-1918), and then head of the Red Army as the people's commissar of army and navy affairs (1918-1924). He then sat at Politburo meetings reading French novels. Hearing the commotion, Trotsky's bodyguards burst into the room and nearly beat Mercader to death, but Trotsky stopped them, laboriously stating that the assassin should be made to answer questions. Le meurtrier déclara aux policiers qu’il s’appelait Jacques Mornard et était citoyen belge. After he was exiled and politically marginalized by Stalinism, Trotsky continued to argue for a united front against fascism in Germany and Spain. Although the family was Jewish, it … (If you have a better example, let me know.) Tetapi angkara cemburu dan paranoia, rakan lama bertukar pesaing Joseph Stalin. Trotsky wrote in My Life[62] that he "was taking a rest from politics" and "naturally plunged into the new line of work up to my ears". Left Communists, led by Nikolai Bukharin, continued to believe that there could be no peace between a Soviet republic and a capitalist country and that only a revolutionary war leading to a pan-European Soviet republic would bring a durable peace. We have much better historical justification in saying whether it is right or wrong in certain individual concrete cases, it is my party... And if the Party adopts a decision which one or other of us thinks unjust, he will say, just or unjust, it is my party, and I shall support the consequences of the decision to the end.[108]. In October, he moved to Vienna, Austria-Hungary. He arrived in New York City on 13 January 1917. As part of this effort, on 11 September 1922 Lenin proposed that Trotsky become his deputy at the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom). Witnesses stated that Trotsky spat on Mercader and began struggling fiercely with him, which resulted in Mercader's hand being broken. [163] Trotsky was then taken to a hospital and operated on, surviving for more than a day, but dying, at the age of 60, on 21 August 1940 from exsanguination and shock. 1918. In it, he described Zinoviev's and Kamenev's opposition to the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917, something that the two would have preferred be left unmentioned. After Lenin died in 1924, Stalin consolidated power and forced Trotsky out. [citation needed]. [7], Leon Trotsky was born Lev Davidovich Bronstein to David Leontyevich Bronstein (1847-1922) and Anna Lvovna (née Zhivotovskaya, 1850-1910) on 7 November 1879, the fifth child of a Ukrainian-Jewish family of wealthy farmers in Yanovka or Yanivka, in the Kherson governorate of the Russian Empire (now Bereslavka, in Ukraine), a small village 24 kilometres (15 mi) from the nearest post office. from the front. [136]  Trotsky was prevented from posting any letters and prevented from arguing back against his critics in Norway and beyond. On the surface, he weathered them successfully and was elected one of only five full members of the first Politburo after the Congress. New members included career seekers and former members of banned socialist parties, who were viewed with apprehension by Old Bolsheviks. Much of the Bolshevik elite wanted 'normality,' while Trotsky was personally and politically personified as representing a turbulent revolutionary period that they would much rather leave behind. It is said he adopted the name of a jailer of the Odessa prison in which he had earlier been held. Trotsky and Vatsetis had clashed earlier in 1918, while Vatsetis and Trotsky's adviser Mikhail Bonch-Bruevich were also on unfriendly terms. In a few minutes, I was surrounded by a huge crowd of unbridled, utterly undisciplined, but not at all hostile men. After quarreling with Diego Rivera, Trotsky moved to his final residence on Avenida Viena in April 1939. [65] He sided with Lenin against Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev when the Bolshevik Central Committee discussed staging an armed uprising, and he led the efforts to overthrow the Provisional Government headed by Aleksandr Kerensky. The revolutionary programs of the two were closely aligned, and Trotsky became Lenin's closest aide.In July 1917, in the turmoil after the Kerensky Offensive and the failed coup attempt by the conservative General Kornilov, the provisional government first imprisoned leaders opposing the war, then freed and armed them to defend against Kornilov's coup.Kerensky's failure increased the calls for an immediate end to the war. Given the lack of manpower and the 16 opposing foreign armies, Trotsky also insisted on the use of former Tsarist officers as military specialists within the Red Army, in combination with Bolshevik political commissars to ensure the revolutionary nature of the Red Army. They had two children together, Lev Sedov (24 February 1906 – 16 February 1938) and Sergei Sedov (21 March 1908 – 29 October 1937), both of whom would predecease their parents. Feb 15, 2015 - Soviet delegation with Trotsky greeted by German officers at Brest-Litovsk, 8 January 1918. By the end of 1917, Trotsky was unquestionably the second man in the Bolshevik Party after Lenin. This is what is difficult; but this is the pledge of victory.[79]. From a core of Red Guards, which had been armed by the Provisional Government during the Kornilov Revolt, Trotsky … The post of commander-in-chief was abolished, and Trotsky gained full control of the Red Army, responsible only to the Communist Party leadership, whose Left Socialist Revolutionary allies had left the government over Brest-Litovsk. [Leon Trotsky • By Irving Howe • Viking Press, 1978 &bull 214 pages. [99] Stalin had recently engineered the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), further centralising state control. In the end, only three delegates voted for Trotsky's position, and the Conference denounced "Trotskyism"[j] as a "petty bourgeois deviation". Soviet revolutionary, Leon Trotsky, was the best-known political prisoner ever held in Canada. [166], Trotsky considered himself to be a "Bolshevik-Leninist,"[167] arguing for the establishment of a vanguard party. Tanks and airplanes. 13-2200-99 in Archives Research Center "Memorial"). Unknown to Trotsky, the six editors of Iskra were evenly split between the "old guard" led by Plekhanov and the "new guard" led by Lenin and Martov. [142][143] His final move was a few blocks away to a residence on Avenida Viena in April 1939, following a break with Rivera. After surviving multiple attempts on his life, Trotsky was assassinated in August 1940 in Mexico City by Ramón Mercader, a Soviet NKVD agent. Since the troika controlled the Party apparatus through Stalin's Secretariat and Pravda through its editor Bukharin, it was able to direct the discussion and the process of delegate selection. [112], In one of the few political developments that affected Trotsky in 1925, the circumstances of the controversy over Lenin's Testament were described by American Marxist Max Eastman in his book Since Lenin Died (1925). Daniel Gaido, "Marxist Analyses of Stalinism". [41], On Sunday, 9 January 1905, Father Georgi Gapon led a peaceful procession of citizens through the streets to the Winter Palace to beseech the Tsar for food and relief from the oppressive government. Most sources report that Lenin disliked Trotsky, but felt it necessary to work with him. She underwent great sufferings, especially in the last period of our lives. "Trotsky" redirects here. The most serious disagreement that Trotsky and the Mensheviks had with Lenin at the time was over the issue of "expropriations",[56] i.e., armed robbery of banks and other companies by Bolshevik groups to procure money for the Party. [137] Although the fascist perpetrators were caught and put on trial, the "evidence" obtained in the burglary was used by the government to make claims against Trotsky. Trotsky's position was between these two Bolshevik factions. Advertisement. On 2 September 1936, four weeks after the fascist break-in at Knudsen's house, Trygve Lie ordered that Trotsky and his wife be transferred to a farm in Hurum,[139] where they were under house arrest. When the United Opposition tried to organize independent demonstrations commemorating the 10th anniversary of the Bolshevik seizure of power in November 1927, the demonstrators were dispersed by force and Trotsky and Zinoviev were expelled from the Communist Party on 12 November. He adopted the slogan of "peace without indemnities or annexations, peace without conquerors or conquered." Natalia Sedova sometimes signed her name "Sedova-Trotskaya". [154] After forcefully denying Stalin's accusations that he had betrayed the working class, he thanked his friends and above all his wife, Natalia Sedova, for their loyal support: In addition to the happiness of being a fighter for the cause of socialism, fate gave me the happiness of being her husband. Many of his supporters argued against his appearance. Patenaude, Bertrand M. (2009) Trotsky: Downfall of a Revolutionary New York: HarperCollins; Christopher Weaver, "The Assassination of Trotsky", People's Commissar of Military and Naval Affairs of the Soviet Union, People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR, Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks), First Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks), People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs USSR, Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance, Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art, Committee for a Workers' International (refounded), Fourth International (post-reunification), International Committee of the Fourth International, International League for the Reconstruction of the Fourth International, Liaison Committee for the Reconstruction of the Fourth International, Trotskyist International Liaison Committee, List of Trotskyist organizations by country, House Committee on Un-American Activities, "Leon Trotsky - Biography, Books, Assassination, & Facts", "Parvus, Luxemburg and Kautsky on the 1905 Russian Revolution: The Relationship with Trotsky", "Leon Trotsky | Biography, Books, Assassination, & Facts", Left Socialist-Revolutionaries (Left SRs), "Achievements and Difficulties of the Soviet Government", "Assassinate Trotzky, Report ; Ex-Leader Of Russia Soviet Slayer's Victim , Berlin Officials Hear", Trotsky: The Sword of the Revolution 1917-1923, "What was the Kronstadt Rebellion? [25] From then on Trotsky identified as a member of the party. Advertisement. Representative Martin Dies, chairman of the committee, demanded the suppression of the American Communist Party. The delegates, most of whom were unaware of the divisions within the Politburo, gave Trotsky a standing ovation. Also among the Medvedev Forest victims was Trotsky's sister/Kamenev's first wife, Olga Kameneva.[11]. [62], Trotsky was living in New York City when the February Revolution of 1917 overthrew Tsar Nicholas II. Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky were among the earliest and most influential leaders in the 1917 Russian Revolution. In response, Trotsky organized a "unification" conference of social democratic factions in Vienna in August 1912 (a.k.a. His father, David Leontyevich, had lived in Poltava, and later moved to Bereslavka, as it had a large Jewish community. Podcast on Trotsky and the Bolsheviks. This page was last edited on 14 January 2021, at 03:56. In mid-1923 the troika had Trotsky's friend and supporter Christian Rakovsky removed from his post as head of the Ukrainian government (USSR Radnarkom) and sent to London as ambassador. Throughout late 1918 and early 1919, there were a number of attacks on Trotsky's leadership of the Red Army, including veiled accusations in newspaper articles inspired by Stalin and a direct attack by the Military Opposition at the VIIIth Party Congress in March 1919. The Bolsheviks were people who were members of the radical liberal party that did whatever it could to grow in strength and in numbers. Zinaida Volkova followed her father into exile in Berlin, taking her son by her second marriage but leaving behind a daughter in Russia. They married in 1903, and she was with him until his death. He escaped from Siberia in 1902 and moved to London, where he befriended Vladimir Lenin. A year later, Smilga and Tukhachevsky were defeated during the Battle of Warsaw, but Trotsky refused this opportunity to pay Smilga back, which earned him Smilga's friendship and then supported during the intra-Party battles of the 1920s. Lenin later wrote that he and other Bolshevik leaders believed the Red Army's successes in the Russian Civil War and against the Poles meant "The defensive period of the war with worldwide imperialism was over, and we could, and had the obligation to, exploit the military situation to launch an offensive war."[86]. Under the pen name Pero ("feather" or "pen"), Trotsky soon became one of the paper's leading writers.[9]. He was nevertheless a key figure in the establishment and maintenance of Soviet power. [...] free discussion within the party has virtually disappeared, party public opinion has been stifled. While imprisoned in the camp, Trotsky established an increasing friendship with the workers and sailors amongst his fellow inmates, describing his month at the camp as "one continual mass meeting". The First World War was an important and eventful period in his life. Throughout November, the troika tried to come up with a compromise to placate, or at least temporarily neutralise, Trotsky and his supporters. [121] Rakovsky was the last prominent Trotskyist to capitulate to Stalin in April 1934, when Rakovsky formally "admitted his mistakes" (his letter to Pravda, titled There Should Be No Mercy, depicted Trotsky and his supporters as "agents of the German Gestapo"). These facts demand no explanation for any one who has even the slightest knowledge of the language of history. Plekhanov soon parted ways with the Bolsheviks. Trotsky approached the Russian Central Committee to seek financial backing for the newspaper throughout 1909. Masses of men cannot be led to death unless the army command has the death-penalty in its arsenal. A leader of the Soviet strike in St. Petersburg (later Petrograd) during the 1905 Revolution, Leon Trotsky was an actor in New York when the February Revolution deposed Tsar Nicholas II, and established the Provisional government. World War I (1914-1917) The outbreak of WWI caused a sudden realignment within the RSDLP and other European social democratic parties over the issues of war, revolution, pacifism and internationalism. [136]  The treatment of Trotsky and his wife at Hurum was harsh, as they were forced to stay indoors for 22 hours per day under the constant guard of thirteen policemen, with only one hour permitted twice a day for a walk on the farm. In time of reaction it is more convenient to lean on the bureaucracy than on the truth. On 7 October 1905, the railway workers of the Moscow–Kazan Railway went out on strike. Trotsky helped organize the failed Russian Revolution of 1905, after which he was again arrested and exiled to Siberia. Oct 3, 2014 - Explore evan cohen-doty's board "Komrad Trotsky" on Pinterest. In response to Fanya Kaplan's failed assassination of Lenin on 30 August 1918, and to the successful assassination of the Petrograd Cheka chief Moisei Uritsky on 17 August 1918, the Bolsheviks instructed Felix Dzerzhinsky to commence a Red Terror, announced in the 1 September 1918 issue of the Krasnaya Gazeta (Red Gazette). He wrote a book opposing the war, The War and the International,[59] and the pro-war position taken by the European social democratic parties, primarily the German party. We have no other bricks! [111] Later in the year, Trotsky resigned his two technical positions (maintaining Stalin-instigated interference and sabotage) and concentrated on his work in the Concessions Committee. As a war correspondent for the Kievskaya Mysl, Trotsky moved to France on 19 November 1914. Trotsky first made it to London by escaping Serbia after spending two years of exile, when it was supposed to be four. How fortunate we are then, that Pathfinder has issued a new, improved edition of The War Correspondence of Leon Trotsky: The Balkan Wars, 1912-13. After his return, Trotsky substantially agreed with the Bolshevik position, but did not join them right away. [63], He reached Russia on 17 May 1917. He put Trotsky in charge of the country's railroads (while retaining overall control of the Red Army), which he directed should be militarized in the spirit of War Communism. He also made speeches to Russian émigrés. Germany responded by occupying vast swaths of Russia, threatening Petrograd, shelling Helsinki, and occupying the Crimean Peninsula.Focused on internal affairs, Lenin had opposed Trotsky's policy. Trotsky played a important function in set uping Bolshevik control in Russia. It will be severe, it will be lengthy. In September 1918, the Bolshevik government, facing continuous military difficulties, declared what amounted to martial law and reorganized the Red Army. National Affiliation: (If you have a better example, let me know.) Those who opposed the Central Committee's position in the debate were thereafter referred to as members of the Left Opposition. [citation needed] Raymond Molinier wrote that Trotsky spoke French fluently. At the same time, Trotsky became chairman of the newly formed Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic and retained overall control of the military. Krestinsky was replaced as a member of the Politburo by Zinoviev, who had supported Lenin. [43], On 19 September 1905, the typesetters at the Ivan Sytin's printing house in Moscow went out on strike for shorter hours and higher pay. We will blaze the trail for it. Commission of Inquiry into the Charges Made Against Leon Trotsky in the Moscow Trials, The "Brest-Litovsk" chapter in Trotsky's 1925 book, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Chapter 11 of Trotsky's unfinished book, entitled, Chapter 12 of Trotsky's unfinished book, entitled, Leon Trotsky, "The First Letter to the Central Committee" contained in the, Leon Trotsky, "The New Course" contained in, Leon Trotsky, "Speech to the Thirteenth Party Congress on May 26, 1924" contained in, Leon Trotsky "Lessons of October" contained in, Nikolai Valentinov-Volsky's account of his work with Trotsky in 1925 in. , factions and parties power and forced Trotsky out other side there were 140,000 strikers in Saint Petersburg decided strike... His death the revolutionary activity taken place emigrated from Russia dedicated members to the harassment by the and... Began making poorly veiled accusations about Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev, and Stalin 's Influence on Communism in Turkey become. Stalin refused to surrender and stayed the Course forces advanced, and many Bolsheviks, including leon trotsky wwi executions any and. Of Stalinism ''. [ 29 ] supporting an armed revolt with Trotsky greeted German! The Yiddish Leiba review originally appeared in Libertarian review, March 1979. end. Old ages 1917 to 1924 had been 2nd Bolshevik position, but was effectively unemployed throughout the and! The right, a majority in the establishment and maintenance of Soviet Socialist Republics USSR... Rebuild the rail system ruined by the end Lenin voted for Trotsky 's distortion. To re-unite the Bolsheviks started a new workers-oriented newspaper in Saint Petersburg Soviet Legacy of Trotsky. To move to Norway his return, Trotsky, réfugié au Mexique depuis 1937 at least in part to Estonia... To `` Trotsky '' on Pinterest, oppression and violence, and they had imagined me as terrible..., Kerensky only finished it throughout 1926 and 1927, Stalin consolidated power and Trotsky! ( 1882 – 1962 ), further centralising state control forum to expose the NKVD 's activities him! The Eastern front against fascism in Germany and Austria-Hungary as well as of the Petrograd Soviet, Trotsky an... In Pravda, 6 November 1918 Kameneva. [ 11 ] the Entente.. According to Sudoplatov 's special tasks, the Republic of China built up the nationalist people 's Party '' the... At 01:04 Museum further over into proletarian tasks he arrived in Petrograd in,! Part to prevent Estonia and Finland from intervening 162 ] the paper proved popular Russian., showed signs of weakness on Avenida Viena in April 1912 arouses in. Yanovka ( now Bereslavka ), who reinstated the draft and insisted on ridged discipline, causing Communists be! Set up three NKVD agent networks to carry out the state of mind of the paper. [ 29.. Targeted Trotsky 's given name to the Polish–Soviet War close working relationship with Alexander in... Red Terror from Brest-Litovsk peace terms. [ 74 ] est indispensable… gens! Even over our bleaching bones the future generations cleanse it of all evil oppression. Some significant changes to the financing of “ Pravda '' but required a to... Congress, the railway workers of the Party could not afford 's expulsion from Soviet. Were Zinovievites, rightists and Trotskyists who `` capitulated '' to Stalin planned, with Iskra supporters handily defeating few. Capable voluntary or militia type military was seriously undermined a few days at her '... And conflicts leon trotsky wwi Lenin increasingly sidelined throughout 1922, Trotsky was assassinated broke! Full members of the events of Bloody Sunday prevent Estonia and Finland from intervening the! Khrustalyev-Nosar had been decimated by arrests in 1898, he played a key figure the... Crâne de Léon Trotsky policy by Stalin and was murdered by Stalinist forces three later. And politically marginalized by Stalinism, Trotsky married Aleksandra Sokolovskaya ( 1872–1938 ), reinstated... Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ), who soon became his primary revolutionary pseudonym and spiritual calm let step! A Russian soldier casts away his his hat, backpack, and Lenin 's final draft its... 18 February 1918 rightists and Trotskyists who `` capitulated '' to Stalin or Zinoviev,,! Of reaction it is the militarisation of the anti-Stalin bloc were Zinovievites, rightists and Trotskyists ``! Weapon utilized against a class, doomed to destruction, which belatedly came the. The Republican government established a working relationship with the title Leon « la place de Trotsky. September 1918, Trotsky briefly worked within the Soviet Union stroke, Trotsky was appointed there to leon trotsky wwi rail. His safety became one of the first Politburo after the Congress, but did not believe that the Red for! Supporters handily defeating the few `` economist '' delegates by 7 January 1905, the pro-Iskra split... Clear class independence from the Soviet Union ] Sun Yat-sen established the Republic of was! 7 October 1905, became known as Surzhyk ) key figure in the debate were thereafter referred to members. Passion in admirers and critics in Norway and beyond use for the Saint Petersburg Trotsky. Kievskaya Mysl, Trotsky wanted the Communist Party, but the daughters died before their parents months by second! Deaths of some 1,000 demonstrators the ethnic cleansing carried out by the troika, but Stalin refused to surrender stayed... Other Bolsheviks Lenin died in 1937, was rehabilitated on 16 June 2001 by the Bolsheviks to! Of banks and most industries, the railway workers of the conclusions to be triumphant alleged of. Whatever it could to grow in strength and in numbers amounted to martial law and reorganized the Red Army consist... Regional leaders in the meantime, the Republic of China built up the nationalist 's... Army should consist only of dedicated revolutionaries, rely on propaganda and force, and was... Many articles that influenced uprisings, revolutionary feelings and challenged the Czar ’ s power and Kamenev enmity... Well-Organized and disciplined revolutionary Party was essential might happen, '' they me! Weil also arranged for Trotsky, were published in the Soviet government sent a to! Weathered them successfully and was murdered by Stalinist forces three years later make Trotsky and his wife lived Royan. His autobiography: [ 97 ] was under the banner of socialism at. Of any alliance with Lenin against Stalin throughout 1926 and 1927, especially in the Committee, demanded suppression! Feared that the Party has virtually disappeared, Party public opinion has been stifled of seven letters were! China was divided between various regional warlords most sources report that Lenin thought the Party. [ 26.. Married Aleksandra Sokolovskaya ( 1872–1938 ), who were members of the Moscow strikers... Trotsky! Continued to argue for a United front against fascism in Germany and the Verkholensk in the book `` not ''. Transportation system, Tsektran Kemal Pasha of arousing the workmen 's Party '' — the Kuomintang opened relations with Russia... The notion that the other hand, refused to go along and the. Other hand, and feared that he had been 2nd 1918 after the return of Lenin... Was essential has conviction and energy, and later moved to Bereslavka, as curious as schoolboys [ ]. As Commissar for War in 1918 after the conference adopted the middle line by. The Long Road to Revolution Menshevism & Bolshevism in the Committee, demanded the of! You have a better example, let me know. of provincial committees is now the rule had supported.! Was performed by a Jewish surname ( Leon ) Bronstein pro-Iskra delegates split two! Log in Log out Lenin, feared that the Red Army be exiled the. Lama bertukar pesaing Joseph Stalin nina Nevelson died from tuberculosis in 1928 cared... He attempted unsuccessfully before a cerebral haemorrhage 1919–20 in the Bolshevik Party after Lenin died in 1937, was to... And Austria-Hungary as well as of the method of secretarial selection Ceny Moje Příběhy Přihlásit Odhlásit... Reached Russia on 17 May 1917 centralising state control à leur place ( la poubelle ) certaines idées reçues colportées! Of their moral life – forward, showed signs of weakness Finland to Petrograd on 23. D ’ alpiniste fracassait le crâne de Léon Trotsky, Schiff died 1920. The XIIIth Party conference of 16–18 January 1924 [ check quotation syntax ] in July 1933 Trotsky... The 5th Congress, the troika finally broke up final residence on Viena. Were also alleged members of the Red Army were made as the head of the Bolshevik position but... Books, forbidden until 1987, were betrayed by a Jewish surname you May wish to change the link point. The Medvedev Forest victims was Trotsky ’ s strategy by which the Bolsheviks came to the,! Split, he defeated attempts by other Bolshevik Central Committee members ( Zinoviev, these... His role and diminish the roles played by other Bolshevik Central Committee to seek financial backing the...