Creating marine protecting areas, they stressed, was the best approach to addressing this degradation of the marine environment. Moreover, there is little that can be done to prevent some of the major negative effects that can, and often do, result from a temporary loss of income—for example, housing troubles and insurance issues.62 However, studies have shown that post-designation, income can equal and even surpass pre-designation income within as little as five years.63, One approach to alleviating short-term income loss is benefit-sharing between stakeholders. (June 8, 1906), available at, Protected Planet, “October update of the WDPA,” available at, U.N. We promise, no spam! Others are novel, and unique to marine conservation. The chapters in this book give an insight into this fast developing field where experiment and innovation work alongside techniques which have been tried and tested. Both systems must be used in concert to achieve sustainable and economically viable ocean protections. Determining the economic value of protected species helps us determine the benefits and value of … Definition: Indicator 14.5.1 is the coverage of protected areas in relation to marine areas. They cannot, for instance, protect against invasive species, pollution, or climate change other than through increased ecosystem resilience.58 For that reason, MPAs are most effective when they are designed and scaled properly to solve a specific goal. Infographic: Zuzana Burivalova, GreenInfo Network. By closing off areas of the ocean to fishing and other extractive activities, marine protected areas, especially marine reserves that ban all or most such activities, are expected to help species recover. This economic study also found that fisheries in medium- to high-decline gained the most from spillover from highly and fully protected MPAs. “Man is using the sea at a great rate, polluting it, developing its borders,” he said in one of the conference sessions. It was definitely a learning experience. Johannes, “Traditional Marine Conservation Methods in Oceania and Their Demise,”, Convention on Biological Diversity, “Target 11 – Technical Rationale extended,” available at, U.N. But there are many counterexamples and other issues in play — in other words, context matters.”, So, wherever marine protected areas are being promoted as tools for sustainable fisheries, alternative fisheries management options must be considered, Hilborn said. We read through some of the scientific literature and talked to experts to find out more. Edgardo E. Tongson, “Payments for Seascape Beauty: The Case of Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park,” in Jose E. Padilla, Edgardo E. Tongson, and Rodel D. Lasco, eds., Florian Matt and Ronny Gebser, “Benefit sharing as key to conserving the Tubbataha Reefs, Philippines” (Geneva: The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity, 2011), available at, Sevaly Sen, “Developing a framework for displaced fishing effort programs in marine protected areas,”, Marivel Dygico, “Tubbataha Reefs: A Marine Protected Area That Works” (Quezon City, Philippines: WWF-Philippines, 2006), available at. Such resiliency can help local fisheries bounce back more rapidly after these events.80, Another successful approach includes multiuse networks of small MPAs. Similarly, the Nature Fitness Check 20 showed that the benefits of Natura 2000 are valued at between €200-300 billion per year. Found inside – Page 17are on Economic benefits have been documented for very few existing marine protected areas ( Economic Associates Australia , 1983 ; Island Resources ... Critics counter that marine protected areas restrict local communities’ access to their ancestral fishing grounds, make them poorer and often increase conflict between them and people involved in park management or tourism. These include two of the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument’s three units, Rose Atoll Marine National Monument, and Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Another case report found that communities around a marine protected area in Zanzibar, Tanzania, were generally unhappy with how the park was being managed. The study highlights that after 13 years of such a ban, there would be €3.41 returned for every €1 spent, with a cumulative net gain equivalent to €8.4 billion over a 20-year period. Marine Protected Areas can deliver conservation outcomes, yet many have failed to restrict the most damaging human activities, such as trawling and dredging. Many scientists have also expressed concern over what marine protected areas mean to people who depend on fisheries for their living. Particular marine areas — specifically those of special scientific interest and high biodiversity — are often reserved and protected within national and international law. Such trawling can strip up to 41% of invertebrate life from the sea-bed, and the ocean floor can take more than six years to recover. For example, larger fish generally produce more offspring, and this surplus of fish will exit the MPA and help to stock fisheries.35 This effect is termed “spillover” and can be thought of in similar terms to interest on a savings account: The highly or fully protected MPA protects the “principal,” and the fish exiting the MPA are the “interest.” One study of spillover from more than a dozen highly and fully protected MPAs found that, in almost all cases, the fisheries outside the MPAs were likely unsustainable without the spillover from populations inside highly or fully protected MPAs.36, The beneficial effects of MPAs to fisheries can be best quantified by measuring biomass, numerical density, and organism size.37, Biomass is the total mass of living biological organisms in a given area at a given time. The systematic review found evidence of spillover in 80 percent of the studies it considered. Monitoring change over time provides much richer understanding of how ecosystems within and outside marine protected areas are responding, which in turn helps us understand why they are changing.”. In the Pacific, WESPAC has argued that vessels have lost tens of millions of dollars as a result of these protected areas, but since the tuna fleets have consistently maximized their fishing capacity and caught all the fish they are allowed to catch each year, the data do not support these claims.76 In the case of Northeast Canyons and Seamounts, there is deep-rooted, long-standing animosity between federal regulators and commercial fishing interests in New England, so any kind of government action—MPA designation or otherwise—would most likely lack the fishing community’s support. Marine Protected Areas across Canada. Currently, in the United States, two major MPA policy approaches have found success and been proven to provide benefits to fishermen and other local stakeholder communities. This plan will be crucial to marine protection in the coming years and over the longer term. The global mean percentage of each marine KBA covered by protected areas increased from 30.5 per cent in 2000 to 44.8 per cent in 2015 and 46.0 per cent in 2019. There’s a mountain of research on marine protected areas. The Center for American Progress is an independent nonpartisan Protected marine areas. Environment Programme, 2016), available at, MPAtlas.org, “United States (USA),” available at, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, “Atlantic OCS Facts and Figures,” available at, Robert L. Shipp, “A Perspective on Marine Reserves as a Fishery Management Tool,”, Sean Horgan, “Fish reps to Trump: Marine monuments make it harder to manage industry, fish reps say,”, National Marine Fisheries Service, “Laws & Policies: Magnuson-Stevens Act.”, Graham J. Edgar, Trevor J. Found inside – Page 59Socio‐economic Network Sites General Description A system of sites where marine resources are managed for social and economic benefits. Purpose To protect ... Protected area networks must continue to expand to increase their coverage of key biodiversity areas (KBAs). Because the NWR areas were designated independently from the monuments, they are classified as “other federal” in the authors’ designation-type analysis. Crucially, bottom-trawling releases as much carbon as air travel, meaning that it has a substantial impact on climate change. However, local process has its limits. As with fishery disaster designation, potential compensation programs must therefore consider how large a social safety net should be cast. Similarly, a 2013 case report found that local communities generally perceived an improvement in economic and environmental benefits from a protected area in the UK. Intense exploitation of our oceans and seas is degrading marine biodiversity and ecosystems at an alarming rate. Found inside – Page 19which socio - economic evidence has been used . We were also concerned to hear about the ... It does not look at the benefits of marine protected areas . But the people living around the protected areas also rated their household well-being as lower than those in the control villages. Marine protected areas, however, can be of different kinds. To coordinate this effort and track progress toward national and global goals, countries have taken steps to set common standards. When considered together, though, most studies suggest that marine protected areas can be good for marine life. Found inside – Page 83Ruddle, K., Hviding, E. and Johannes, R.E. (1992) Marine resources management ... T. (1985) The economic benefits of marine parks and protected areas in the ... Alaska waters support some of the most important commercial fisheries in the world; large and diverse populations of whales, seals, sea lions, and porpoises; and Alaska native hunting and fishing communities. Only 4.8 percent of the global ocean is protected by MPAs, with 2 percent of that total designated as highly or fully protected areas.26 In comparison, more than 15 percent of the world’s land area has some form of management or protection.27. This is the study’s final report. It provides a synthesis of evidence, from three research tasks undertaken during 2017. Three separate stand-alone technical reports present the detailed findings of the three research tasks. One study showed that the density of organisms within highly or fully protected MPAs is more than 1 1/2 times greater than the density in unprotected areas nearby.40 In Tsitsikamma National Park in South Africa, one of the oldest fully protected MPAs in the world, the density of commercially important fish is around 42 times higher than in the nearby fishing grounds.41 And on Georges Bank in the Gulf of Maine, after just five years of protection, the densities of legal-sized scallops reached nine to 14 times those of scallops in fished areas.42, Another commonly used measure of density is the catch per unit effort (CPUE), which is the total catch divided by the total amount of effort used to harvest the catch.43 This is considered to be an indirect measure of fisheries stock abundance. Seafood processors, equipment suppliers, and related industries within the community may also experience negative outcomes from a designation. Is establishing marine parks better for species and habitats than leaving areas unprotected? This book addresses a timely and compelling emerging issue related to the conservation and sustainable use of marine resources and the sustainable development of the coastal community. In the base data, these are counted as two separate MPAs, but with fully overlapping areas. Mongabay is a U.S.-based non-profit conservation and environmental science news platform. Enlarging protected areas is also an economic imperative. More such rigorous studies can tell us how the impacts of protected areas vary over time and across different communities, experts say, which can then potentially help managers design better marine protected areas. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Miriam Goldstein is the managing director for Energy and Environment and the director of Ocean Policy at the Center. Will ‘ropeless’ fishing gear be seaworthy in time to save endangered whales? Regional Fishery Management Council, “Conserving and Managing the Fisheries of the United States.”. Americans, through bold, progressive ideas, as well as strong Mongabay Series: Conservation Effectiveness. “But I do think we need a lot of emphasis on the human element: to what extent marine protected areas affect human well-being for coastal communities that rely on the oceans for their livelihoods.”, Writer: Shreya Dasgupta, Researcher: Amy Fensome Do marine parks improve fisheries and the well-being of fisheries-dependent communities? With over 30 members representing the majority of European countries, Seas At Risk speaks for millions of citizens that care deeply about the health and well-being of seas and oceans. At the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, for instance, countries agreed to maintain marine biodiversity by establishing networks of marine protected areas. Found inside – Page 104Inventory of Declared Marine and Estuarine Protected Areas in Australian Waters. Spec. ... Task Force on Economic Benefits of Protected Areas of the World ... Figure 2: How ecosystem assets generate ecosystem services to beneficiaries in a spatial relationship This study, published in 2001, found that the biomass of five commercially important fish families increased both inside and outside marine reserves in the Caribbean island of St. Lucia within three years of establishment. There are currently 14 Oceans Act Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) across Canada, comprising over 350,000 km 2 or roughly 6% of Canada’s marine and coastal areas. The European Commission contracted ICF, IEEP and PML to undertake a review of the economic benefits of marine protected areas (MPAs). Task 5 of the study involved the delivery of ten MPA case studies. Our research supports sustainable management and conservation of Alaska marine species with economic and cultural benefits for the nation. Villagomez, personal communication with author. Despite the scientific evidence, the data show that 59% of the 727 designated Marine Protected Areas designated, still permitted trawling in 2017 and that trawl fishing was 46% higher within than outside the Marine Protected Areas. A diver conducting a fish survey. The volume argues that implementation of MPAs should be incremental and adaptive, through the design of areas not only to conserve resources, but also to help us learn how to manage marine species more effectively. ),” available at, Lois Sahagun, “Rockfish make a remarkable recovery off California coast, prompting federal officials to raise catch limits,”, World Commission on Protected Areas, “Applying IUCN’s Global Conservation Standards to Marine Protected Areas (MPA).”, U.S. But the researchers added a caveat: “[Twenty] percent of remaining studies that failed to provide any evidence of spillover is likely to be underestimated … because of publication bias in ecology, and specifically in marine protected area science,” where positive results are favored, they wrote. In this innovative volume, the author addresses some important challenges related to the effective and equitable governance of marine protected areas (MPAs). (Within our sample of 16 studies looking into socioeconomic outcomes, 15 were case reports.). Annual sockeye salmon returns here top 60 million fish, create over 15,000 jobs, and bring in $990 million in economic activity in Alaska alone, benefiting commercial, recreational, and subsistence fishermen. Moreover, only 27 out of 822 U.S. MPAs, or 3 percent, are greater than 1,000 square kilometers in area. When all of these criteria are met and properly implemented, MPAs provide exceptional environmental and economic benefits and are one of the most effective overall methods of sustainable fisheries and marine conservation. Only 4.8 percent of the global ocean is protected by MPAs, with 2 percent of that total designated as highly or fully protected areas. (see Figure 1a and 1b). Was the marine protected area designed to protect a particular species? Is planting trees as good for the Earth as everyone says? Abundant evidence has shown that highly and fully protected MPAs promote large, rapid, and sustained buildup of biomass of commercially important species within their boundaries.38 One meta-analysis of scientific studies showed that biomass of whole fish groups in highly and fully protected MPAs is, on average, six to seven times greater than in adjacent unprotected areas and three to four times greater than in lightly protected MPAs.39, Numerical density refers to the number of individuals of a targeted species in a given area. These studies look at several specific environmental, social and economic outcomes of marine protected areas, and evaluate whether those outcomes were better, the same as, or worse than for unprotected sites or for the same site before it was protected. Another crucial component of this model is that local fishermen were granted exclusive access rights to fish in the areas outside the MPA in exchange for their support in enforcing the fully protected MPA.66, Other risk-mitigating finance mechanisms can come in the form of short-term government subsidies, low-interest loans, or buyouts. The table below presents the costs, benefits and net impacts over a 20-year period following a bottom-contact fishing gear ban (trawls and dredges) across European Marine Protected Areas, You might also like: Seas At Risk: How to Shape a Future Without Mining. Timely and important, Management of Marine Protected Areas: A Network Perspective offers invaluable insights into the role of MPAs in preserving the welfare and long-term viability of our world's oceans. The United States’ five marine national monuments were designated by presidential proclamation under the Antiquities Act of 1906, which allows the president to set aside public areas for protection.24. The level of protection for this type of MPA is most similar to that of fisheries management areas, which may protect certain species and habitats but still allows for commercial fishing activity. Derraik, “The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review,”, Marianne Lavelle, “Collapse of New England’s iconic cod tied to climate change,”, Avery Siciliano and others, “Warming Seas, Falling Fortunes: Stories of Fishermen on the Front Lines of Climate Change” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2018), available at, Florida FISH and Wildlife Conservation Commission, “FWC makes snook, redfish temporarily catch-and-release only in areas affected by red tide,” Press release, August 30, 2018, available at, World Commission on Protected Areas, “Applying IUCN’s Global Conservation Standards to Marine Protected Areas (MPA)” (Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature, 2018), available at, R.E. He deemed only 10 percent of the parks he studied “effective” based on their having very high numbers of large fish like sharks. In the midst of it all, the efficacy of this conservation tool remains heavily debated. “The gold standard would be to conduct surveys both inside the marine protected area before it is established and in comparable unprotected sites, and then continuously monitor both sets of conditions over time to see if the changes are just because of the marine protected area, or something else.”. (November 16, 1990), available at, The White House, “Presidential Proclamation — Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument Expansion,” Press release, August 26, 2016, available at, MPAtlas.org, “Stewarts Point: State Marine Reserve,” available at, Oregon Marine Reserves, “Home,” available at, American Antiquities Act of 1906, Public Law 209, 59th Cong., 1 sess. Buxton, and M.J. Smale, “Abundance and Distribution Patterns of Three Temperate Marine Reef Fish (Teleostei: Sparidae) in Exploited and Unexploited Areas Off the Southern Cape Coast,”, S.A. Murawski and others, “Large-scale closed areas as a fisheries management tool in temperate marine systems: the Georges Bank experience,”, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, “Section 4. Found inside – Page 169Evaluating the economic benefits of marine protected areas (MPAs) in Canada. Retrieved November 30, 2011, from Memorial University of Newfoundland, ... “Overall, I am satisfied with the research that is being done to see the ecological effectiveness of marine protected areas. Good-quality research on how marine protected areas impact fisheries is also lacking. 1015, Sec. severe bleaching and death due to warming waters, The Controversy Over Marine Protected Areas: Science Meets Policy, Drug trafficking threatens Indigenous Shipibo communities in Peru, Fires rage in Bolivia’s Chiquitania region, Drug trafficking and illegal logging threaten Indigenous communities in Peru, Deforestation surge continues amid deepening uncertainty in Myanmar. 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