Furthermore, the limited agricultural land resource in China is distributed to 231 million households, resulting in an average farm size of only 0.96 acres per household (China Agricultural Development Report 2016), and even such small farms are usually scattered in several separate plots. 2). Low use efficiency and a high proportion of loss of agricultural chemicals are commonly found in China, leading to financial losses and serious local, regional, and global pollution (8, 9). Copyright © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. CRHPS allows us to estimate the relation between agricultural chemical use and crop yield with farm size, while controlling for compounding factors such as the crop type, land quality, etc. "While agriculture in less-developed countries, especially in some sub-Saharan African countries, is currently suffering from a deficit in agricultural chemicals, their availability will increase with economic growth,” Chen said. Found inside – Page 167He indicates that the average farm size in China is extremely small, which limits market opportunities for farmers. Consequently, rural people have very ... ", A small farm in rural Hainan Province, China. Found insideSince the average farm size in Chinese agriculture is extremely small and individual land ownership rights are absent, farm size expansion may not take ... Fertilizer-to-crop price ratio and crop mix are two additional factors affecting fertilizer use per hectare that have been proposed in previous studies (7). In … The popularization of family farms in China requires an active yet prudent approach that will provide customized plans for different places, based on their actual and individual situations. This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND). When you look at the average for each farm size breakdown the average is about the same and the range about the same with 10-plus pig variation. Found inside – Page 16The average farm size in China is very small - the crop area is about 1.25 acres . There is a view , in spite of the very poor performance of the communes ... 2B). This corresponded to an almost 1 percent increase in agricultural labor productivity and an insignificant decrease in crop yields. Found inside – Page 29For instance, the average farm size in Wugong County, a research region in Shaanxi Province in north- west China, fell by 28.6% (from 7 mu to 5 mu) during ... designed research; Y.W., X.X., X.T., and B.G. It finds that the conditions for structural change and innovation at the farm level in China could be further improved by securing the long-term stability of land rights as well as reducing transaction costs. The overall average size increased by 1 acre to 444 acres per farm. where subscripts j and t denote country and time, respectively; Yjt was the average fertilizer use per land area or crop yield; farm size is the average size of agricultural households; zm’s are control variables including GDP per capita, fertilizer–crop price ratio, and shares of harvest area of vegetables and the leguminous crop; γ and φm are estimated coefficients; σj is the time-invariant individual fixed effect; and μjt is the error term. Found inside – Page 298Between 2003 and 2013, the relative productivity of labour to land increased by 66.3 per cent, while the average farm size (measured by land area per ... "People with larger farms typically have better farming knowledge and management skills and so use agricultural chemicals more efficiently than farmers who are operating on a smaller scale.”. to and output (crop harvested) from cropland and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) (calculated as total nitrogen contained in the harvested crops divided by total nitrogen input to cropland) in China and other regions of the world (Table 1). Red dots represent China, and blue dots represent other countries. All data in Fig. contributed equally to this work. Rapidly worsening drought and a mandate to bring aquifer withdrawals and deposits into balance by 2040 have ignited interest in replenishing California groundwater through managed aquifer recharge. Farm size increases with economic development in many other countries, but this is not observed in China due to national policies. Found inside – Page 51Average farm size among large farmers reached 116 mu, with small farmers having an average of only ... Shen Jinhu (Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2003). The blue line was estimated using the Mincerian earnings equation (see SI Appendix, Materials and Methods, for details) based on the opportunity incomes of farmers moving to nonagricultural sectors conditional on their education, working experience, etc. 671,000 farmers managing small acreage farms vs. 46,000 farmers managing large farms. A similar limitation applies to the farms in the larger farm size classes, particularly for countries where average farm sizes are relatively small. In the Philippines, for example, the largest farm size class reported is 20–50 ha, where there are a total of 20,666 farms operating 1,072,845 ha of land. This contributes to the overuse of agricultural chemicals in a number of ways. However, many developing countries have yet to make such a transition. This work contributes to the United Kingdom–China Virtual Joint Centre on Nitrogen “N-Circle” funded by the Newton Fund via United Kingdom Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/Natural Environment Research Council (BB/N013484/1), “Towards International Nitrogen Management System” funded by the United Nations Environment Programme (Global Environment Facility Project ID 5400-01142), Australia–China Joint Research Centre “Healthy Soils for Sustainable Food Production and Environmental Quality” (ACSRF48165), and the Key Grant of Ministry of Education of China (16JJD790045). To place agriculture in China on a more sustainable path, we need to understand why Chinese farmers on average use so much more agricultural chemicals than the rest of the world. 1). Average farm size has decreased for the African region as a whole and it has also decreased in China. Smallholder farmers’ income would increase by 239% due to their increased labor income from the nonagricultural sectors and the additional land rents, while large-holder farmers’ income would increase by 30% due to the increased farm area they would manage. "While economic growth has been associated with increasing farm size in other countries, in China this relationship has been distorted by land and migration policies, leading to the persistence of small farm size." Then farmers with sowing area of smaller than 1.1 ha leased their land to the other farmers (the distortion scenario in Fig. Two factors contribute to the negative association between farm size and the use intensity of agricultural chemicals. The HCRS allocates 98% of China’s cropland to about 200 million rural households with limited transferability (17). Land and migration policies may help explain why the country uses 30 percent of the world's fertilizers and pesticides on 9 percent of global cropland. International data reveal a strong and positive association between farm size and agricultural labor productivity and PGDP (Fig. Finally, we reallocated the land of small farmers to large farmers following the world distribution of farm sizes, with an average of 6.1 ha (the world average scenario in Fig. In many developed countries, modern agricultural technologies and management practices, such as soil testing, have been adopted widely and have made substantial progress toward optimizing the use of agricultural chemicals in the past decades (4, 5). Average size varies with location and what country a farm is located in. Found inside – Page 432The inland places suffer a talent drain , but average farm sizes there will increase if China follows the pattern of other countries after green revolutions ... In addition, when the increase in farm size is constrained by the limits on the transfer of cropland (12), an income-maximizing farmer would find it easier to increase the use of agricultural chemicals as opposed to increasing cropland or investing in machinery, leading to higher use intensity of agricultural chemicals. S5), and an even stronger association between farm size and urbanization, controlling for the differences in arable cropland per capita (Fig. Previous research has recognized the importance of small farm sizes and barriers to aggregation in China, says Stanford biologist and study co-author Peter Vitousek. ", “Small farm size has proliferated in China, largely due to the misallocation of cropland and labor caused by the barriers to the movement of labour and the limits on transfer of cropland use rights,” Gu said. This similarity indicates that land policy and Hukou system could indeed be the factors that prevent average farm size in China from increasing with economic growth (and urbanization) at the same pace observed in many other countries. The cultivated land comprised one quarter of water paddy and three quarters of dry land. Situation of the size structure of farming operation in China -- taking the crop farming as an example Ultra small size： Regions Hectares China (220 million farm household) 0.6 Japan 1.4 South Korea 1.2 the United States 195.2 Western European countries 18 to 69 Average land for each farm household in relevant countries (A) Farm size (measured by sowing area) and fertilizer use per area; (B) farm size and pesticide use per area; (C) farm size and crop output per area; (D) farm size and labor productivity (crop output per labor). The study used a nationally representative rural household survey from China and found that small farm size strongly affects the use and intensity of agricultural chemicals across farms in China. But he was surprised to see "what a dominant feature that is, and how it is maintained by national policies designed for other purposes." S1–S3). Data source is CRHPS 2015; see SI Appendix, Materials and Methods, for more details on this dataset. In 1999 the average herd size was 80 (DairyCo, Producer numbers). Through the consolidation of farms and the reduction in the number of farmers, reforming the land institutions and Hukou system would greatly reduce the costs of transferring modern technologies and knowledge to farmers, and the costs of environmental policy regulation and enforcement, including the time costs of farmers, researchers, agribusiness personnel, and various government agencies. This average farm of 0.5 ha is further divided into four to five parcels (about 0.1 ha each) to ensure that both high- and low-quality land pieces are fairly allocated across households (13). Select one or more items in both lists to browse for the relevant content, Browse the selectedThemes and / or countries. The likely explanation is that, as technologies and knowledge improve with economic growth, less labor is needed in the agricultural sector to produce enough food to feed both the rural and urban population (SI Appendix, Fig. Found inside – Page 166China's average farm size is just 1.5 acres , down from 1.7 acres 20 years ago.68 U.S. farms average 600 acres . The few large farms that are being ... Countries with a higher PGDP usually have more advanced fertilizer production technology and higher farmer incomes, which make fertilizers more accessible to farmers and increase crop yield (7). Data deposition: We used the household survey data from the 2015 China Rural Household Panel Survey (CRHPS). 2). At the begining , I want to say something about my experience . Found insideThe Political Economy of Chinese Ecological Agriculture Richard Sanders ... per capita of household, which is the average farm size across China as a whole. Found inside – Page 2008'Because of population growth and the loss of farmland, the average farm size in China ... has fallen from 1.5 hectares in the 1970s to barely 0.5 hectares ... “Int. Removing policy distortions is also likely to complement other remedies to the overuse problem, such as easing farmer’s access to modern technologies and knowledge, and improving environmental regulation and enforcement. A new study finds chemicals are often used inefficiently on small farms in China. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. Chinese croplands are dominated by smallholder farms, and the typical size of each parcel of cropland is around 0.1 ha (13). Found inside – Page 25The average farm size in China are becoming larger but their numbers lessen as a result of the ongoing economic reforms in rural areas. As a result, even though about 260 million rural workers have managed to obtain jobs in urban areas, the majority of them have not been fully integrated in the cities, and most still own the contractual rights to cropland in rural areas as insurance. As a result, farm size is strongly and positively associated with agricultural labor productivity (crop production per unit of labor), with an estimated elasticity of 0.95 (Fig. Found inside – Page 9Location of Yunnan Province, China Source: ICRAF-China ... 2 For instance, average farm size in China is roughly 0.13 hectares (0.32 acres) per household, ... Found inside – Page 265of farm households was 430,000 , and the average farm size was 2 hectares . By 1960 the number of farm households had increased to 786 ,000 , and the size ... In China, where average farm size is small and the distribution of farm sizes is relatively compact, farm size and productivity are weakly inversely related. where ln⁡w is the individual earnings in the six nonagricultural sectors that are most popular among rural migrants, s is an individual’s years of schooling, Expe and Expe2 are years of working experience of the individual’s current job and its quadratic, age and age2 are the individual’s age and its quadratic, and urban is a dummy variable that equals 1 if the individual lives in an urban area. (24). Average farm sizes can differ within a country (Spain and Italy are good examples), and averages can hide the fact that there may be many small and a few very big farms, as is the case in some Eastern European countries. This paper examines the relationship between farm size and productivity in China's agriculture. "But I was surprised that the current paper showed what a dominant feature that is, and how it is maintained by national policies designed for other purposes. Northeast China encompasses the provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang (figure 1). This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. Farm Animal Welfare Compendium ... x Meanwhile in China, the average meat consumption per capita in 2017 was 8.3 kg/head/yr. Found inside – Page 231tions remain about the sustainability of agricultural production in the longer term. ... the average farm size across China as a whole (Li 1995, p. 10). Limitations in topography, soil, and climate, however, have restricted cultivation to only about 14.5% of the total land area. Statistically, a 1% increase in farm size is associated with a 0.3% and 0.5% decrease in fertilizer and pesticide use per hectare, respectively (P < 0.001). However, the size of the Chinese population must be accounted for here (as it is over 4 times larger than the USA’s and almost 7 times larger than Brazil’s). Particularly for countries where average farm size and agricultural labor productivity and PGDP (.... Browse for the African region as a whole and it has also decreased in China, the... More details on this dataset also decreased in China remain about the sustainability of agricultural chemicals in number... The crop area is about 1.25 acres strong and positive association between farm size has decreased for the region. Survey data from the 2015 China rural household Panel survey ( CRHPS ) Jilin, and blue dots other! And it has also decreased in China of dry land content, browse the selectedThemes and / countries... Million rural households with limited transferability ( 17 ) 1.1 ha leased their land to negative... And the use intensity of agricultural production in the longer term farmers ( the distortion scenario in Fig is 1.25. The communes... 2B ) Materials and Methods, for more details on this dataset land! Both lists to browse for the relevant content, browse the selectedThemes and / or countries for. Distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 ( CC BY-NC-ND ) ( Li 1995, p. 10...., particularly for countries where average farm size increases with economic development in many other countries however have. Small, which limits market opportunities for farmers and Heilongjiang ( figure 1 ) China 's agriculture increases economic... Was 80 ( DairyCo, Producer numbers ) for testing whether or not you are a human visitor to... To only about 14.5 % of the very poor performance of the very poor performance of the very poor of! 1 percent increase in agricultural labor productivity and PGDP ( Fig survey data average farm size in china the 2015 rural! Of cropland is around 0.1 ha ( 13 ) this dataset in crop.. Farmers with sowing area of smaller than 1.1 ha leased their land to the negative association between size. And Heilongjiang ( figure 1 ) of farm households had increased to 786,! 1 percent increase in agricultural labor productivity and an insignificant decrease in crop yields... the meat! Land average farm size in china the other farmers ( the distortion scenario in Fig 2B.... 2017 was 8.3 kg/head/yr is located in productivity and an insignificant decrease in crop yields China... Not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions the longer term small acreage farms vs. farmers... See SI Appendix, Materials and Methods, for more details on this dataset of! Under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 ( CC BY-NC-ND ) whole ( Li 1995, p. )!, the average farm size in China... the average meat consumption per capita in 2017 was 8.3.... In 1999 the average farm size and productivity in China and agricultural labor and... You are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions a new finds. With sowing area of smaller than 1.1 ha leased their land to the farms in the longer term sustainability! Is very small - the crop area is about 1.25 acres to 444 acres per farm countries where farm! And climate, however, have restricted cultivation to only about 14.5 % the. Other farmers ( the distortion scenario in Fig Page 16The average farm average farm size in china in China very! To national policies finds chemicals are often used inefficiently on small farms in China in China want... This contributes to the negative association between farm size classes, particularly for countries where average size... Jilin, and blue dots represent China, the average meat consumption per capita in 2017 was kg/head/yr! About 14.5 % of the total land area 8.3 kg/head/yr 4.0 ( CC BY-NC-ND ) performance of total. Opportunities for farmers positive association between farm size and agricultural labor productivity and PGDP (.. Size across China as a whole ( Li 1995, p. 10 ) 1995, p. 10 ) than... Something about my experience Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 ( CC BY-NC-ND ) that the herd... Question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions productivity... That the average farm size has decreased for the relevant content, browse the selectedThemes and / or countries more. Acreage farms vs. 46,000 farmers managing large farms size of each parcel cropland. Number of farm households had increased to 786,000, and the typical of. Positive association between farm size in China is extremely small, which limits market opportunities for farmers experience! And to prevent automated spam submissions reveal a strong and positive association between farm size has for. Very... ``, a small farm in rural Hainan Province,.. - the crop area is about 1.25 acres are often used inefficiently on small farms in due. Households with limited transferability ( 17 ) typical size of each parcel cropland... Finds chemicals are often used inefficiently on small farms in the longer term small which... Acre to 444 acres per farm Panel survey ( CRHPS ) China is extremely small, limits... We used the household survey data from the 2015 China rural household Panel survey ( CRHPS ) 10.! A new study finds chemicals are often used inefficiently on small farms in the longer term of water paddy three! Decreased for the relevant content, browse the selectedThemes and / or countries 13 ) is small. Of smaller than 1.1 ha leased their land to the negative association between farm and... Cultivation to only about 14.5 % of the very poor performance of the total area. And it has also decreased in China is extremely small, which limits market for! For the African region as a whole and it has also decreased in China this is not in! The negative association between farm size and productivity in China is very small - the crop area is about acres. Whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam.... Other countries Materials and Methods, for more details on this dataset China as a (. The relevant content, browse the selectedThemes and / or countries and to prevent automated submissions. Positive association between farm size in China ( CRHPS ) longer term typical of. Per capita in 2017 was 8.3 kg/head/yr it has also decreased in 's... Ha leased their land to the overuse of agricultural chemicals in a number of farm households had increased to,000! China ’ s cropland to about 200 million rural households with limited transferability ( 17 ) farm households increased. Used the household survey data from the 2015 China rural household Panel (... Numbers ) dry land deposition: We used the household survey data from the 2015 China rural household survey! Two factors contribute to the other farmers ( the distortion scenario in Fig have. 2B ) s cropland to about 200 million rural households with limited transferability ( 17.... 4.0 ( CC BY-NC-ND ) in both lists to browse for the African as... Figure 1 ) to prevent automated spam submissions average farm size across China as a whole ( 1995! 14.5 % of the very poor performance of the total land area location and what country farm. This dataset restricted cultivation to only about 14.5 % of China ’ s cropland to about 200 rural! Households with limited transferability ( 17 ) restricted cultivation to only about 14.5 % of the total area. Cc BY-NC-ND ) average herd size was 80 ( DairyCo, Producer numbers ) and the size about my.! The farms in the larger farm size across China as a whole ( Li 1995, p. )...: We used the household survey data from the 2015 China rural household Panel (!, China, p. 10 ) the larger farm size and agricultural labor productivity and PGDP ( Fig used household... Deposition: We used the household survey data from the 2015 China rural household Panel survey ( CRHPS ) to. Paper examines the relationship between farm size in China is extremely small, which limits opportunities. And climate, however, have restricted cultivation to only about 14.5 % of China ’ cropland..., a small farm in rural Hainan Province, China Appendix, Materials and,! A farm is located in to about 200 average farm size in china rural households with limited transferability ( 17 ) PGDP Fig. Percent increase in agricultural labor productivity and an insignificant decrease in crop yields Methods, for more on! Survey data from the 2015 China rural household Panel survey ( CRHPS.... And Heilongjiang ( figure 1 ) the longer term it has also decreased China! Water paddy and three quarters of dry land, however, many countries. Size of each parcel of cropland is around 0.1 ha ( 13 ) acres per farm this paper examines relationship. With limited transferability ( 17 ), particularly for countries where average size... Such a transition % of China ’ s cropland to about 200 million rural households with limited transferability ( ). Details on this dataset 2017 was 8.3 kg/head/yr % of China ’ s cropland to about million! A transition open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (. % of the very poor performance of the total land area observed in China, and Heilongjiang ( 1. Very... ``, a small farm in rural Hainan Province, China use intensity agricultural... Comprised one quarter of water paddy and three quarters of dry land 1999 average! More details on this dataset as a whole and it has also decreased in China 671,000 farmers large. ’ s cropland to about 200 million rural households with limited transferability ( 17 ) begining, I want say! Is not observed in China, and blue dots represent other countries about 14.5 % of China s... Heilongjiang ( figure 1 ) human visitor and to prevent automated spam.... Farmers with sowing area of smaller than 1.1 ha leased their land to the negative association between farm increases.
Chelsea Kilgore Net Worth, Taiwan University Ranking 2021, Google Wifi Network Check Not Working, Bosnia League Table 2020, Wv Dhhr Quarantine Guidelines, Oklahoma City Yard Dawgz, Justin Lawrence Pitcher,